【摘要】：農(nóng)民權是在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展及基因科學技術的進步下，在世界植物遺傳資源從早期“資源共享”過渡到“農(nóng)民權獨享”的理念下，為保護各國農(nóng)民及農(nóng)民群體在植物遺傳資源保護上的貢獻而于1979年由FAO首次提出，農(nóng)民權作為一項新權利得到南北國家特別關注。農(nóng)民權核心是農(nóng)民的貢獻權益保護，農(nóng)民權載體是植物遺傳資源。本文重點對農(nóng)民權的權利屬性、權利內(nèi)容、權利實現(xiàn)以及我國對農(nóng)民權的立法問題進行深入研究。國際上已有相關國際條約，，個別國家已通過國內(nèi)立法形式對農(nóng)民權進行研究，但各持己見，爭議集中在農(nóng)民權屬于知識產(chǎn)權還是專屬權利，所以國際上尚沒有對農(nóng)民權的性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容和責任追究等問題有統(tǒng)一的認識。我國《植物新品種保護條例》中雖對農(nóng)民權部分內(nèi)容有所涉及，但農(nóng)民權理念尚屬空白。本文是在國際植物遺傳資源各種保護爭端的背景下，在我國植物遺傳資源不斷受到“被侵權”的倒逼下，借鑒國際公約、各國立法規(guī)定，國內(nèi)研究理論及相關立法政策后，系統(tǒng)剖析農(nóng)民權問題。 本文認為，農(nóng)民權是排他性的財產(chǎn)權利，是知識產(chǎn)權的相對物，是專屬權利。在植物遺傳資源可持續(xù)保護理論、農(nóng)民發(fā)展權理論、利益平衡理論等農(nóng)民權理論基礎的支撐下得出農(nóng)民權的內(nèi)容。它包括：農(nóng)民特權（農(nóng)民留種權、種子交換權、銷售權）、植物遺傳資源貢獻權、植物遺傳資源事先知情同意權、植物遺傳資源參與權、植物遺傳資源惠益分享權。根據(jù)對農(nóng)民權的多方面研究和我國農(nóng)民權尚屬空白的不利現(xiàn)狀，提出我國需要加入ITPGR公約，并在《植物新品種保護條例》專章中規(guī)定農(nóng)民權。農(nóng)民權體現(xiàn)四大立法原則，分別是農(nóng)民貢獻權保護原則、植物遺傳資源主權原則、惠益分享原則、生物多樣性及可持續(xù)發(fā)展原則。在農(nóng)民權立法中需加強具體制度的制定：明確農(nóng)民權的權利屬性和權利主體，明確農(nóng)民權的保護范圍，權利內(nèi)容，建立農(nóng)民權實現(xiàn)制度，建立農(nóng)民權鏈條保護機制和貿(mào)易安全預警機制，并建立侵權責任追究制度。該項研究將填補我國農(nóng)民權立法空白，保護我國遺傳資源和為此付出努力的農(nóng)民權益。
[Abstract]:Farmer's right is under the development of economy and the progress of gene science and technology, under the idea that the plant genetic resources of the world transition from "resource sharing" to "farmer's right to enjoy" in the early period. In order to protect the contribution of farmers and their groups to the conservation of plant genetic resources, it was first proposed by FAO in 1979. As a new right, farmers' rights have been paid special attention to by the north and south countries. The core of farmers' rights is the protection of farmers' contribution rights, and the carrier of farmers' rights is plant genetic resources. This paper focuses on the property, content, realization and legislation of farmers' rights. There have been relevant international treaties in the world, and individual countries have conducted research on farmers' rights through domestic legislation, but they hold their own opinions. The dispute focuses on whether farmers' rights belong to intellectual property rights or exclusive rights, so there is no international nature of farmers' rights. There is a unified understanding of issues such as content and accountability. Although some contents of farmers' rights are involved in the regulations on the Protection of New Plant varieties, the concept of farmers' rights is still blank. This article is under the background of various kinds of protection disputes of international plant genetic resources, under the constant pressure of "being infringed" on the plant genetic resources of our country, drawing lessons from the international convention, the national legislation stipulation, the domestic research theory and the related legislation policy, Systematic analysis of the issue of farmers' rights. This paper holds that the farmer's right is the exclusive property right, the opposite of intellectual property right and the exclusive right. Based on the theory of sustainable protection of plant genetic resources, the theory of farmers' right to development and the theory of balance of interests, the contents of farmers' rights are obtained. It includes: farmer's privilege (farmer's right to remain seed, right of seed exchange, right of sale), right of contribution of plant genetic resource, right of prior informed consent of plant genetic resource, right of participation of plant genetic resource, right of benefit-sharing of plant genetic resource. According to the research on farmers' rights in many aspects and the unfavorable situation that the farmers' rights are still blank in our country, it is pointed out that our country should join the ITPGR convention and stipulate the farmers' rights in the special chapter of Plant New Variety Protection regulations. Farmer's right embodies four legislative principles, namely, the protection of farmers' contribution right, the sovereignty of plant genetic resources, the principle of benefit-sharing, the principle of biodiversity and the principle of sustainable development. In the legislation of farmers' rights, we should strengthen the establishment of specific systems: clarifying the property and subject of farmers' rights, defining the scope of protection and contents of farmers' rights, establishing the system of realizing farmers' rights. Establish the protection mechanism of farmers' right chain and trade security early warning mechanism, and establish the system of investigating tort liability. This study will fill in the gaps in the legislation of farmers' rights, protect the genetic resources and the rights and interests of farmers.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D923.4

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