本文關(guān)鍵詞： 政府機(jī)構(gòu) 大部制 憲法內(nèi)涵　出處：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)憲法發(fā)展過(guò)程中,行政權(quán)力越來(lái)越大。憲法是保障公民的權(quán)利和約束公權(quán)力的保障書(shū)。服務(wù)型政府理念的提出,符合憲政發(fā)展的要求。大部制的改革,是憲政發(fā)展的必然內(nèi)容,因?yàn)榇蟛恐聘母?是不斷推進(jìn)政府職能與機(jī)構(gòu)的整合,提高政府管理事務(wù)的效率,實(shí)現(xiàn)為民服務(wù)的宗旨。大部制在西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的實(shí)踐有一些成功的案例,一些國(guó)家的大部制改革基于了自己的國(guó)情,形式各具特色,符合本國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和憲政發(fā)展的需要。精簡(jiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)、理順職能避免權(quán)責(zé)交叉和政出多門(mén)的問(wèn)題,提高行政效率,法治型政府和服務(wù)型政府理念等特點(diǎn)是大部制改革的共同點(diǎn)。本文論述了我國(guó)中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行大部制改革,其實(shí)質(zhì)是一場(chǎng)憲法秩序的運(yùn)動(dòng)和構(gòu)建,是對(duì)憲政的運(yùn)作和發(fā)展。因此,我國(guó)中央機(jī)構(gòu)大部制的改革必須符合憲政要求,以市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)為基礎(chǔ),符合建設(shè)服務(wù)型政府、構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)的理念。本文分為四個(gè)部分展開(kāi)論述: 第一部分闡述了大部制的基本內(nèi)涵和一般結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。關(guān)于大部制的內(nèi)涵,國(guó)內(nèi)的學(xué)者給出的涵義是多種多樣的。筆者從權(quán)能清晰和協(xié)調(diào)服務(wù)的角度來(lái)看,認(rèn)為中央“大部制”的內(nèi)涵,是指中央政府的各級(jí)部門(mén)在機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置上橫向覆蓋的范圍加大,由一個(gè)部門(mén)使用相似雷同的職能,該大部門(mén)主要為制定國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略、進(jìn)行宏觀管理等職能,其突出特點(diǎn)是“職能大、職責(zé)清、領(lǐng)域?qū)挕C(jī)構(gòu)少”。大部制的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)主要闡述了:部門(mén)以協(xié)調(diào)性的和政策性職能為主;合并類似的職能部門(mén);對(duì)大部組織的監(jiān)督,也是一個(gè)問(wèn)題;大部結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)在內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生較多的平級(jí)部門(mén)和等級(jí)。接著從必要性的角度,闡述了大部制是中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革的重要模式,即符合憲政要求、符合市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和符合民主政治。 第二部分分析了世界主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家(美、英、日)政府大部門(mén)體制的改革情況。此三個(gè)國(guó)家的大部制改革都是在遵循憲政的基礎(chǔ)上,圍繞服務(wù)型政府理念展開(kāi)的。美國(guó)大部制改革主要介紹了:聯(lián)邦政府結(jié)構(gòu);大部制典型—美國(guó)商務(wù)部和大部制的特點(diǎn)及分析:“大部制”名副其實(shí);分工明確,職責(zé)清晰;政府管理與時(shí)俱進(jìn);獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)輔佐大部。英國(guó)政府的大部門(mén)體制分析了:英國(guó)大部制改革的背景與決策過(guò)程;政府重組的目標(biāo)與方案;政府重組的實(shí)施過(guò)程與結(jié)果;英國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)改革的分析評(píng)價(jià)。分析日本政府的大部門(mén)體制改革時(shí)主要圍繞:日本內(nèi)閣改革后的部門(mén)設(shè)置及職能;日本政府改革的動(dòng)因和日本政府改革的目標(biāo)和特點(diǎn)。文章第二部分為以后的第三部分和第四部分做了鋪墊。 第三部分是全文的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),主要從憲法的角度分析了中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)大部制改革。首先,闡述中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展概述,包括新中國(guó)成立至改革開(kāi)放前中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革歷程(3次)和改革開(kāi)放后中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革歷程(6次)。其次,分析了中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)大部制改革的憲法內(nèi)涵,指出我國(guó)的行政體制改革主要由政府力主推行,大部制的改革作為一種憲法運(yùn)動(dòng),體現(xiàn)了我國(guó)行政體制改革的慣例,即中央先行,而后推及地方的形式。因而大部制蘊(yùn)含的憲法機(jī)理包括了兩層含義:其一是國(guó)家行政權(quán)力體制的革新與重組;其二是中央行政權(quán)與地方行政權(quán)的劃分與配置。再次,論述了現(xiàn)代政府機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置的憲法原則,內(nèi)容包括了:機(jī)構(gòu)精簡(jiǎn)原則;服務(wù)型政府原則和職能清晰統(tǒng)一原則;最后,論述了中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)大部制改革與憲法的共進(jìn)。分析了大部制將相近行政部門(mén)的機(jī)構(gòu)和職能相整合,是一種行政權(quán)的內(nèi)部配置,將憲法的機(jī)制引入行政內(nèi)部化運(yùn)行。由于行政已經(jīng)掌握了相當(dāng)?shù)牧⒎?quán)和司法性權(quán)力,因而行政內(nèi)部的權(quán)力必須進(jìn)行合理的配置,形成行政內(nèi)部的權(quán)力制約機(jī)制。只有綜合各項(xiàng)憲法要素,發(fā)揮憲法主體的積極參與才能實(shí)現(xiàn)大部制改革與憲法的互動(dòng)。通過(guò)憲法確立權(quán)力的規(guī)范秩序,制約國(guó)家權(quán)力的運(yùn)行方向,實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家基本權(quán)力的秩序,達(dá)到權(quán)力保障權(quán)利的終極目標(biāo)。 第四部分論述了國(guó)外大部制經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)及對(duì)我國(guó)中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革的啟示。首先對(duì)國(guó)外大部制進(jìn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié):完善的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和較為成熟的第三部門(mén),為轉(zhuǎn)移政府職能提供了良好的條件;建立有效的部門(mén)間協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制;部門(mén)下設(shè)獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu);理順中央與地方政府的權(quán)力關(guān)系和及時(shí)解決大部制改革帶來(lái)的新挑戰(zhàn)。接著重點(diǎn)從立法、制度和實(shí)踐層面分析了國(guó)外大部制改革對(duì)我國(guó)深化中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革的啟示,即依憲依法,整合重組;立足國(guó)情、職能轉(zhuǎn)變;為民服務(wù)、勤政廉政;統(tǒng)籌設(shè)計(jì)、監(jiān)督執(zhí)行;溝通協(xié)調(diào)、順暢機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:In today's world in the process of the development of the constitution, the administrative power is more and more big. The constitution is to protect the rights of citizens and restraint of public power guarantee. Put forward the concept of service-oriented government, in accordance with the requirements of the development of constitutional reform. The content of constitutional development is inevitable, because most of the reform, is constantly advancing the integration of government functions and institutions, improve the efficiency of government affairs, to achieve the purpose of serving the people. Most of the system there are some successful cases in the practice of western developed countries, some of the country's big department system reform based on its own national conditions, form characteristic, meet the needs of the domestic economy and the development of constitutionalism. Streamline the organization, rationalize the functions of avoiding responsibilities cross and each department acting on its own problems, improve administrative efficiency, the rule of law government and service government concept characteristics is the common point of large department reform. This paper discusses China's central The government agencies of giantdepartment reform, its essence is a constitutional order and the construction of sports, is to the operation and development of constitutionalism. Therefore, the reform of the central institutions of our country big department system must comply with the constitutional requirements, on the basis of market economy, with the construction of service-oriented government, the idea of building a harmonious society. This paper is divided four parts:
The first part expounds the basic connotation of the general structure and characteristics. On the connotation of the system, given the meaning of domestic scholars is varied. The author from the clear and coordination service point of view, the central "big system" the connotation is that the central government departments at all levels to increase the range of horizontal the cover set on the body by a department to use similar similar functions, the Department is mainly for the development of national strategy, macro management functions, its outstanding characteristic is "functions, responsibilities clear, wide institutions less. Structural characteristics of large department system mainly expounds the coordination department to: the main function and policy; with similar functional departments; the supervision of Ministry of organization, is also a problem; most of the structure will produce more in the internal level departments and levels. Then from the angle of necessity, elaborated the big department system It is an important mode of the reform of the central government institutions, that is to meet the requirements of the constitutionalism, conform to the market economy and conform to the democratic politics.
The second part analyzes the main developed countries in the world (the United States, Britain, Japan) the reform of the government sector system. The three countries most of the reform are based on the following constitutional, around the concept of service-oriented government. The United States launched the big ministry reform mainly introduces the structure of the Federal government; for typical characteristics and analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the big department system: "big system" worthy of the name; a clear division of responsibilities clear; government management times; independent agency assisted with large department. The British government department system analyzes the background and the decision-making process of the British reform goals and plans of government restructuring; the implementation process and results of the government; reorganization; analysis and evaluation on the reform of the British scholars mainly focus on the analysis of the Japanese government. The big department system reform: setup and functions of cabinet after the reform of the Department of Japan; the Japanese government and the motive of the reform The goal and characteristics of the reform of the Japanese government. The second part of the article has made a paving for the third and fourth parts of the future.
The third part is the key and difficulty, mainly from the perspective of the constitution analysis of the reform of central government institutions. First, describes an overview of the development of the central government agencies, including the establishment of the new Chinese to the reform and opening up the central government institutional reform course (3 times) and after the reform and opening up the central government reform process (6). Secondly, analysis of the central government agencies of large department reform constitution connotation, pointed out that China's reform of the administrative system mainly by the government for implementation of reform as a constitutional movement, reflecting China's administrative system reform practice, namely the central first, then apply the local form. Thus the constitution of mechanism the system contains includes two meanings: one is the reform and reorganization of state administrative power system; the second is the central administrative power division and allocation and local administrative rights. Thirdly, discusses the setting of modern government The principle of the constitution, including: the organization simplification principle; service-oriented government functions clear principles and unified principle; finally, discusses together big department system reform and the constitution of central government institutions. Analysis of the big department system will close administrative departments of the institutions and functions of integration, is a kind of administrative power in the internal configuration, will the constitution of the administrative mechanism into the internal operation. Because the administration has acquired considerable legislative power and judicial power, the administrative power of the internal needs reasonable configuration, the formation of internal administrative power restriction mechanism. Only the constitutional elements, play constitutional body's active participation can realize interactive system reform and the constitution. Establish the order specification of power by the constitution, the operation direction of restricting state power, national basic power in order to reach the ultimate goal of safeguarding the rights of power.
The fourth part discusses the foreign ministry experience and Its Enlightenment to China's central government institution reform. Firstly, foreign ministry experience: the perfect market economy and mature of the third sector, has provided good conditions for the transfer of government functions; to establish an effective coordination mechanism between departments; independent institutions under the; straighten out the relationship between central and local government powers and timely solve the new challenges of large department reform. Then from the point of legislation, system and practice of foreign big department system reform in the deepening of the reform of central government agencies of the enlightenment, according to the Constitution in accordance with the law, integration and restructuring; based on the national conditions, changing the functions of the people; service, diligent and honest; overall design, supervision and execution; communication and coordination, smooth mechanism.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D630;D921

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