【摘要】：離婚損害賠償制度作為2001年《婚姻法》修正案中的亮點(diǎn),在眾多期待的目光中出臺(tái),然而該制度自實(shí)施以來(lái),其司法適用狀況一直差強(qiáng)人意,理論界與實(shí)務(wù)界對(duì)這一制度存廢的爭(zhēng)論也一直在持續(xù)之中。此制度設(shè)立目的是懲罰導(dǎo)致婚姻破裂的過(guò)錯(cuò)方,對(duì)無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)方給予經(jīng)濟(jì)賠償,然而從立法規(guī)定上看,《婚姻法》第四十六條的規(guī)定范圍過(guò)于狹窄,在相關(guān)的司法解釋中也沒(méi)有在證據(jù)上、程序上、責(zé)任主體等方面進(jìn)行很好的完善,在實(shí)踐中成為當(dāng)事人行使權(quán)利的障礙,法官在審判中也出現(xiàn)了同案不同判、改變審判思路的現(xiàn)象。因此,此制度司法適用狀況的不盡如人意,立法價(jià)值難以實(shí)現(xiàn),成為婚姻家庭中侵權(quán)糾紛的障礙,在探索民法典之婚姻家庭編之中,是否繼續(xù)保留這一制度,如何才能更好實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)夫妻之間民事權(quán)益的維護(hù),也成為很多學(xué)者專(zhuān)家和法律編纂者所關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。本文將在此基礎(chǔ)上展開(kāi)自己觀(guān)點(diǎn)意見(jiàn)的陳述。本文分為三部分,第一部分主要是對(duì)我國(guó)離婚損害賠償?shù)母攀?從我國(guó)離婚損害賠償?shù)臍v史發(fā)展沿革入手,到現(xiàn)在的法律規(guī)定,進(jìn)行概念界定,性質(zhì)定位,從而對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面的認(rèn)識(shí),然后梳理理論和實(shí)務(wù)界對(duì)其存廢的討論,總結(jié)爭(zhēng)議焦點(diǎn)為文章下一步的討論奠基。第二部分主要在學(xué)者們對(duì)離婚損害賠償存廢爭(zhēng)議的歸納梳理的基礎(chǔ)上,提出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)和建議。筆者認(rèn)為離婚損害賠償就其利益衡量而言,是弊大于利的,其立法價(jià)值在現(xiàn)實(shí)中很難實(shí)現(xiàn),在民法典的制定中應(yīng)予廢除:首先從學(xué)理上分析,其請(qǐng)求權(quán)基礎(chǔ)不明,它屬于第一性權(quán)利還是第二性權(quán)利值得斟酌;而且其規(guī)定和相關(guān)法律的不夠協(xié)調(diào),也使司法中造成了法官囿于法律規(guī)定,難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)同案不同判,而使夫妻婚內(nèi)侵權(quán)難以保障;另外此制度背離世界婚姻法發(fā)展方向,有違無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)主義的婚姻立法趨勢(shì)。其次從實(shí)踐上分析,離婚損害賠償取證難、范圍窄,并且將損害賠償與離婚掛鉤的規(guī)定使其司法成本高,社會(huì)效益低,在離婚案件中使用少,支持率低,不符合效率原則,而且法官在審判中處理此類(lèi)訴訟案件時(shí)改用的是侵權(quán)的審判思路。第三部分則是對(duì)廢除我國(guó)離婚損害賠償之后,如何探索更好的保障夫妻之間權(quán)益的制度措施提出自己的意見(jiàn):筆者認(rèn)為在統(tǒng)一的民法典語(yǔ)境下,夫妻之間具有平等的人身財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系,因此應(yīng)當(dāng)明確規(guī)定夫妻之間的侵權(quán)損害賠償,此賠償與離婚無(wú)必然聯(lián)系。為此,需首先明確規(guī)定配偶權(quán)來(lái)對(duì)夫妻之間的人身和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利進(jìn)行全面系統(tǒng)的規(guī)定,并通過(guò)對(duì)夫妻財(cái)產(chǎn)制的進(jìn)一步完善來(lái)作為夫妻侵權(quán)損害賠償?shù)幕A(chǔ);另外由于夫妻之間的關(guān)系不同于一般的當(dāng)事人之間的關(guān)系,訴訟中針對(duì)夫妻間的舉證問(wèn)題、承擔(dān)方式等方面也應(yīng)作出不同于一般的民事侵權(quán)規(guī)定,從而更好解決夫妻之間的矛盾,促進(jìn)家庭社會(huì)的和諧,維護(hù)離婚夫妻間的利益。
[Abstract]:As a bright spot in the amendment of the Marriage Law in 2001, the system of compensation for divorce damages has been introduced in the eyes of many people. However, since the implementation of the system, its judicial application has been unsatisfactory. Theorists and practitioners have been arguing about the existence and abolition of this system. The purpose of this system is to punish the wrongdoer who caused the breakdown of the marriage, and to pay economic compensation to the no-fault party. However, from the legislative point of view, the scope of Article 46 of the Marriage Law is too narrow. In the relevant judicial interpretation, there is no good improvement on the evidence, procedure, responsibility subject and so on. In practice, it has become an obstacle for the parties to exercise their rights, and the judge has also found different judgments in the same case in the trial. The phenomenon of changing the thinking of the trial. Therefore, the judicial application of this system is not satisfactory, the value of legislation is difficult to achieve, become the obstacle of tort disputes in marriage and family, whether to continue to retain this system in the exploration of the civil code of marriage and family. How to better protect the civil rights and interests between husband and wife has also become the concern of many scholars and legal compilers. On this basis, this paper will develop a statement of my views. This article is divided into three parts, the first part is the summary of our country divorce damage compensation, from the historical development of our country divorce damages, to the current legal provisions, the definition of the concept, the nature of positioning, Therefore, the author makes a comprehensive understanding of it, then combs the theoretical and practical discussion of its existence and scrap, and concludes the focus of the controversy as the foundation for the next discussion of the article. In the second part, the author puts forward his own views and suggestions on the basis of summing up and combing the dispute of divorce damages. The author thinks that the damage compensation for divorce is more harmful than good in terms of its interests, its legislative value is difficult to realize in reality, and it should be abolished in the formulation of civil code: firstly, from the theoretical point of view, the basis of its claim is not clear. It belongs to the primary right or the second right is worth considering, and its stipulation and the related law is not coordinated, also causes the judge in the judicature to be limited by the law stipulation, will inevitably appear the cotrial different judgment, and causes the husband and wife to violate the rights within the marriage difficult to safeguard; In addition, this system deviates from the development direction of the world marriage law and violates the trend of non-fault marriage legislation. Secondly, from the practical analysis, it is difficult to obtain evidence of divorce damages, narrow scope, and the provisions of linking damages to divorce make its judicial costs high, social benefits low, use less in divorce cases, support low, not in line with the principle of efficiency. And the judge in the trial to deal with this kind of litigation cases instead of tort trial ideas. The third part is about how to explore how to better protect the rights and interests of husband and wife after the abolition of divorce damages in China: the author thinks that in the context of the unified civil code, Husband and wife have equal personal and property relations, so we should clearly stipulate the tort compensation between husband and wife, which is not necessarily related to divorce. Therefore, it is necessary to define the right of spouse to make a comprehensive and systematic provision on the right of person and property between husband and wife, and to further improve the system of husband and wife property as the basis of compensation for damages of husband and wife tort. In addition, because the relationship between husband and wife is different from that between the parties in general, the civil tort provisions should be made different from those of the general civil tort in respect of the proof and the way of bearing between the husband and wife in the lawsuit. In order to better solve the contradiction between husband and wife, promote the harmony of family and society, safeguard the interests of divorced couples.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D923.9

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