論合同情勢變更規(guī)則的法律適用
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-09 07:16
【摘要】：民法中存在一個十分古老的原則,即“契約必守”原則,簡而言之,該原則的內(nèi)涵就是義務(wù)人針對業(yè)已訂立的合同必須進行全面、正確的履行,從而保障實現(xiàn)權(quán)利人所有的權(quán)利。該原則一方面重視交易的安全性與信賴保護,另一方面則十分重視合同對當(dāng)事人的約束。但是對于“契約必守”這一原則的一個重要的例外就是“情勢變更”規(guī)則,所謂的“情勢變更”規(guī)則就是當(dāng)出現(xiàn)合同在其成立之后發(fā)生了客觀情況使得合同難以繼續(xù)履行、無法實現(xiàn)合同訂立之時的初衷,且該客觀情況的發(fā)生并不是基于當(dāng)事人方面的原因,當(dāng)事人可以對合同進行變更。作為大陸法系中的一項特有的規(guī)則,“情勢變更”規(guī)則受到了社會各界越來越多的重視。具體而言,當(dāng)合同成立之后,由于在履行結(jié)束之前的客觀情況發(fā)生了變化,如若繼續(xù)要求負(fù)有履行義務(wù)的當(dāng)事人繼續(xù)履行該合同則會使得該當(dāng)事人承受顯失公平的結(jié)果,此刻,為實現(xiàn)公平正義與合理對當(dāng)事人之間的權(quán)利義務(wù)進行平衡的目標(biāo)與價值追求,法律允許當(dāng)事人在免責(zé)的狀態(tài)下對原合同進行變更,這即是我們通常所言的情勢變更規(guī)則的涵義。對于該規(guī)則的存與廢,我國的理論界與學(xué)術(shù)界一直爭論不休,但是目前隨著世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的速度日益加速,我國社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展遭遇了眾多難以預(yù)料的狀況,例如天災(zāi)、國家政策變化、金融危機的全球化等等,這些突發(fā)性的狀況對合同的履行的影響十分巨大,當(dāng)這些突發(fā)性的狀況出現(xiàn)時,我們就需要運用情勢變更規(guī)則對其進行合理調(diào)整。2009年,我國正式頒布實施《合同法解釋(二)》,在總結(jié)理論研究的成果的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合我國的現(xiàn)實國情,通過該司法解釋使得“情勢變更”規(guī)則在我國正式確定了。然而,由于缺乏統(tǒng)一而明確的關(guān)于如何在合同履行過程中具體適用“情勢變更”規(guī)則,給我國的司法實踐帶來了不少挑戰(zhàn)。我國目前處于經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型的接軌過程與社會改革的攻堅階段,由于交易的安全性與穩(wěn)定性有待加強導(dǎo)致交易不公平的現(xiàn)象時常出現(xiàn),法律的立、改、廢的情況也時常出現(xiàn),這就會導(dǎo)致合同在訂立之時是合法的,而在履行的過程中可能會變得不合法,顯然,當(dāng)事人在訂立合同的過程中幾乎沒有可能會預(yù)料到這種情況的發(fā)生,假設(shè)我們在這種情況下仍然基于雙方當(dāng)事人自愿訂立的合同不能解除或者變更的話,當(dāng)事人的利益就會基于情勢的變化而受到損害,同時也會增加當(dāng)事人對于未來風(fēng)險的擔(dān)憂而不愿意訂立合同,這反而不利于社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展進步。情勢變更規(guī)則一方面可以減少社會發(fā)展風(fēng)險,對失衡的利益進行平衡,對于調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,實現(xiàn)實質(zhì)的公平具有重要的意義；然而,他也是一把雙刃劍,情勢變更規(guī)則可能會由于司法權(quán)的濫用而對實質(zhì)的公平與正義造成損害。在對情勢變更規(guī)則進行論述的過程中,筆者運用了比較分析法、法學(xué)分析法、規(guī)范分析法、實證分析法等,期望能過通過分析對情勢變更規(guī)則進行一次深入性的總結(jié)與分析,本文共分為四個部分：首先,筆者對情勢變更規(guī)則的存在必要性進行論述,從其存在依據(jù)著手開始分析情勢變更規(guī)則在我國存在的意義；其次,筆者通過與不可抗力以及商業(yè)風(fēng)險等的對比,客觀地論證了情勢變更規(guī)則的缺陷之處；本文在創(chuàng)新之處是第三章,通過旅游合同、商品房買賣合同、建設(shè)工程合同以及勞動合同,具體研究情勢變更規(guī)則在實際生活中的運用現(xiàn)狀；針對上述論述,筆者在第四章提出了對我國情勢變更規(guī)則的完善意見,期望能夠拋磚引玉,對我國情勢變更規(guī)則的立法與司法實踐添磚加瓦。
[Abstract]:There is a very old principle in civil law, that is, the principle of "contract must be kept". In short, the connotation of the principle is that the obligor must carry out a comprehensive and correct implementation of the contract made by the obligor, so as to guarantee the right to realize all rights. On the one hand, the principle emphasizes the security of the transaction and the protection of trust, on the other hand, ten One important exception to the principle of "contract must be kept" is the "change of situation" rule. The so-called "change of situation" rule is the original intention of the contract when the contract has occurred after its establishment, which makes it difficult to carry out the contract and can not achieve the contract. And the occurrence of the objective situation is not based on the cause of the parties, and the parties can change the contract. As a special rule in the continental law system, the "change of circumstances" rule has been paid more and more attention by all walks of life. Specifically, when the contract is established, it is due to the objective situation before the completion of the performance. If the party continues to demand that the party carrying the obligation to perform the contract continues to perform the contract, the party will bear the result of unfairness. At the moment, in order to achieve a balanced goal and value pursuit for the realization of fair justice and reasonable rights and obligations between the parties, the law allows the parties to enter the original contract in the state of disclaimer. This is the meaning of the rule of changing the situation that we usually say. For the existence and waste of the rule, the theorists and academic circles of our country have been arguing all the time. But with the rapid development of the world economy, the development of our country's social economy has encountered many unpredictable conditions, such as the natural disaster and the change of national policy, The globalization of the financial crisis and so on, these sudden conditions have great influence on the performance of the contract. When these sudden conditions appear, we need to adjust the rules of situation to adjust it for.2009 years reasonably. China formally promulgates and implements the interpretation of Contract Law (two), on the basis of summarizing the results of theoretical research. According to the actual conditions of our country, the rule of "change of circumstances" has been formally established in our country through the judicial interpretation. However, due to the lack of unified and explicit rules on how to apply the "change of situation" in the process of contract performance, it has brought no little challenge to the judicial practice of our country. Because of the security and stability of the process and social reform, because the security and stability of the transaction need to be strengthened, the phenomenon of unfair trading often appears, and the situation of the establishment, modification and abolition of the law often appears, which will lead to the validity of the contract at the time of conclusion, and may become illegal in the process of performance. Obviously, the parties are concluding a contract. It is almost impossible to anticipate the occurrence of this situation, assuming that in this case we are still based on the failure or change of a contract made voluntarily by the parties, and the interests of the parties will be damaged based on the changes in the situation, and will also add to the fear of the future risks of the parties. It is not conducive to the progress of social and economic development by signing a contract, which can reduce the risk of social development on the one hand and balance the interests of the imbalance, which is of great significance for regulating the development of the economy and achieving substantial fairness. However, he is also a double-edged sword, and the rules of change of circumstances may be due to judicial power. In the process of discussing the change rules of the situation, the author uses the comparative analysis, the law analysis method, the normative analysis method, the empirical analysis method and so on. It is expected to carry on a deep analysis and analysis to the change rules of the situation through analysis. This article is divided into four parts: First, the author expounds the necessity of the existence of the rules of change of circumstances, and begins with the basis of its existence to begin to analyze the significance of the existence of the rules of change of circumstances in our country; secondly, the author objectively demonstrates the defects of the rules of the change of the situation through the contrast of force majeure and commercial risk, and the innovation of this article is the third chapter, Through the tourism contract, the commercial housing sale contract, the construction project contract and the labor contract, the present situation of the application of the change rules of the situation in the real life is concretely studied. In the fourth chapter, the author puts forward the perfect opinions on the change rules of the situation in our country. The judicial practice has been added to the bricks and mortar.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D923.6
[Abstract]:There is a very old principle in civil law, that is, the principle of "contract must be kept". In short, the connotation of the principle is that the obligor must carry out a comprehensive and correct implementation of the contract made by the obligor, so as to guarantee the right to realize all rights. On the one hand, the principle emphasizes the security of the transaction and the protection of trust, on the other hand, ten One important exception to the principle of "contract must be kept" is the "change of situation" rule. The so-called "change of situation" rule is the original intention of the contract when the contract has occurred after its establishment, which makes it difficult to carry out the contract and can not achieve the contract. And the occurrence of the objective situation is not based on the cause of the parties, and the parties can change the contract. As a special rule in the continental law system, the "change of circumstances" rule has been paid more and more attention by all walks of life. Specifically, when the contract is established, it is due to the objective situation before the completion of the performance. If the party continues to demand that the party carrying the obligation to perform the contract continues to perform the contract, the party will bear the result of unfairness. At the moment, in order to achieve a balanced goal and value pursuit for the realization of fair justice and reasonable rights and obligations between the parties, the law allows the parties to enter the original contract in the state of disclaimer. This is the meaning of the rule of changing the situation that we usually say. For the existence and waste of the rule, the theorists and academic circles of our country have been arguing all the time. But with the rapid development of the world economy, the development of our country's social economy has encountered many unpredictable conditions, such as the natural disaster and the change of national policy, The globalization of the financial crisis and so on, these sudden conditions have great influence on the performance of the contract. When these sudden conditions appear, we need to adjust the rules of situation to adjust it for.2009 years reasonably. China formally promulgates and implements the interpretation of Contract Law (two), on the basis of summarizing the results of theoretical research. According to the actual conditions of our country, the rule of "change of circumstances" has been formally established in our country through the judicial interpretation. However, due to the lack of unified and explicit rules on how to apply the "change of situation" in the process of contract performance, it has brought no little challenge to the judicial practice of our country. Because of the security and stability of the process and social reform, because the security and stability of the transaction need to be strengthened, the phenomenon of unfair trading often appears, and the situation of the establishment, modification and abolition of the law often appears, which will lead to the validity of the contract at the time of conclusion, and may become illegal in the process of performance. Obviously, the parties are concluding a contract. It is almost impossible to anticipate the occurrence of this situation, assuming that in this case we are still based on the failure or change of a contract made voluntarily by the parties, and the interests of the parties will be damaged based on the changes in the situation, and will also add to the fear of the future risks of the parties. It is not conducive to the progress of social and economic development by signing a contract, which can reduce the risk of social development on the one hand and balance the interests of the imbalance, which is of great significance for regulating the development of the economy and achieving substantial fairness. However, he is also a double-edged sword, and the rules of change of circumstances may be due to judicial power. In the process of discussing the change rules of the situation, the author uses the comparative analysis, the law analysis method, the normative analysis method, the empirical analysis method and so on. It is expected to carry on a deep analysis and analysis to the change rules of the situation through analysis. This article is divided into four parts: First, the author expounds the necessity of the existence of the rules of change of circumstances, and begins with the basis of its existence to begin to analyze the significance of the existence of the rules of change of circumstances in our country; secondly, the author objectively demonstrates the defects of the rules of the change of the situation through the contrast of force majeure and commercial risk, and the innovation of this article is the third chapter, Through the tourism contract, the commercial housing sale contract, the construction project contract and the labor contract, the present situation of the application of the change rules of the situation in the real life is concretely studied. In the fourth chapter, the author puts forward the perfect opinions on the change rules of the situation in our country. The judicial practice has been added to the bricks and mortar.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D923.6
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