本文選題：民事合同 + 行政合同��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：民事合同與行政合同的關(guān)系問(wèn)題在我國(guó)爭(zhēng)論已久,但尚未形成一致認(rèn)識(shí)。對(duì)此,民法學(xué)者和行政法學(xué)者存在很大分歧。民法學(xué)者主張限縮行政合同的范圍甚或否定行政合同這一概念。而行政法學(xué)者則普遍承認(rèn)行政合同,并將國(guó)有土地使用權(quán)出讓合同、政府采購(gòu)合同、政府科研合同、政府特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同、農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)合同等諸多合同類型納入其中,呈現(xiàn)出泛化行政合同范圍的傾向。新頒布實(shí)施的《行政訴訟法》及其司法解釋首次將行政機(jī)關(guān)違反“政府特許經(jīng)營(yíng)協(xié)議、土地房屋征收補(bǔ)償協(xié)議等協(xié)議”的糾紛納入行政訴訟受案范圍,卻未明確行政合同的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和具體類型,使得民事合同與行政合同的關(guān)系愈加撲朔迷離。完全否定行政合同的概念并不現(xiàn)實(shí),而過(guò)于擴(kuò)大行政合同的范圍也難謂妥當(dāng),在承認(rèn)行政合同概念的基礎(chǔ)上厘清其與民事合同之區(qū)分與聯(lián)系應(yīng)屬可取之道和當(dāng)務(wù)之急。除引言和結(jié)語(yǔ)外,本文共五章:第一章,民事合同的演進(jìn)及特征。法律意義上的合同源于古羅馬。羅馬法中的合同從債中獨(dú)立而來(lái),經(jīng)歷了從口頭合同、文書合同、要物合同到諾成合同的發(fā)展階段,并逐漸淡化了在形式和類型上的嚴(yán)格要求,“合意”要素逐漸凸顯�？梢�,合同的最初形態(tài)是民事合同,行政合同并不具有獨(dú)立的歷史起源。此后,大陸法系國(guó)家在繼受羅馬法的基礎(chǔ)上兼采教會(huì)法有關(guān)規(guī)定,形成了以合意為核心的合同概念。英美法系的合同從合同訴訟中發(fā)展而來(lái),以允諾為其核心,但隨著交易及約因理論不斷受到挑戰(zhàn),合意說(shuō)逐漸被采用。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的變遷,以合意為核心的具有抽象性、現(xiàn)在化特征的古典合同因不能滿足現(xiàn)實(shí)需要而逐漸走向衰落。現(xiàn)代的合同具有多元的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ),以合意、習(xí)慣、誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則以及法律規(guī)定為義務(wù)來(lái)源,追求雙方的合作共贏,強(qiáng)調(diào)合同的靈活性與社會(huì)性,并且越來(lái)越多地受到公法規(guī)制�，F(xiàn)代合同的這些典型特征,對(duì)于科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)民事合同與行政合同的關(guān)系具有重要意義。新中國(guó)成立以來(lái),我國(guó)的民事合同制度經(jīng)歷了起步和停頓期、恢復(fù)和發(fā)展期以及成熟和完善期三個(gè)階段,合同也逐步由計(jì)劃手段發(fā)展成為為自治工具。這一發(fā)展過(guò)程所凸顯的“政府退卻,市場(chǎng)回歸”的理念在處理民事合同與行政合同具體關(guān)系時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持。我國(guó)民法中的合同亦采合意說(shuō),《民法通則》第85條將合同限定在債權(quán)合同,《合同法》第2條雖可作廣義解釋但仍以債權(quán)合同為主要對(duì)象。未來(lái)民法典中的合同應(yīng)采廣義概念,可界定為“當(dāng)事人間設(shè)立、變更、消滅民事權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議”。第二章,行政合同的興起與發(fā)展。行政合同的興起以國(guó)家職能的轉(zhuǎn)型(福利國(guó)家、合作國(guó)家的興起)、行政范式的變遷(從秩序行政、管理行政、集權(quán)行政、單方行政到給付行政、服務(wù)行政、民主行政、合作行政)以及公法與私法的劃分為背景。英美法系國(guó)家沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格的公法與私法之區(qū)分,不存在獨(dú)立的行政合同概念,而大陸法系各國(guó)行政合同的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r也存在差異。其中,法德兩國(guó)的行政合同制度最具代表意義。法國(guó)的行政合同主要存在于公共服務(wù)領(lǐng)域,這與其以公共服務(wù)為核心的公法理念、二元的司法體系以及以判例為主的行政法生成機(jī)制密切相關(guān)。德國(guó)以行政權(quán)為核心構(gòu)建其公法體系,將行政合同限定在公權(quán)力行政領(lǐng)域,行政機(jī)關(guān)適用私法所從事的私經(jīng)濟(jì)行為則屬于私法范疇。我國(guó)行政法也是圍繞行政權(quán)力而展開的,德國(guó)的行政合同制度應(yīng)更具借鑒意義。在行政合同的概念上,不應(yīng)將行政機(jī)關(guān)之間簽訂的合同排除在外,也不應(yīng)將合同目的(行政管理或公共利益)作為概念的構(gòu)成因素,應(yīng)借鑒德國(guó)和我國(guó)臺(tái)灣地區(qū)將其定義為:“行政機(jī)關(guān)與自然人、法人、其他組織之間,或者行政機(jī)關(guān)之間,設(shè)立、變更、終止行政法權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議”。此種界定既可以和民事合同概念形成對(duì)應(yīng),也有助于二者的有效區(qū)分。第三章,民事合同與行政合同的區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上,最具典型意義的當(dāng)屬法國(guó)和德國(guó)。在法國(guó),民事合同與行政合同的區(qū)分通常依據(jù)法律規(guī)定和司法判例兩項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。司法判例標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括合同至少一方須為公法人,合同內(nèi)容與公共服務(wù)有關(guān)或包含私法之外的條款兩項(xiàng)條件�，F(xiàn)在,法國(guó)的司法判例標(biāo)準(zhǔn)因受到批判而較少應(yīng)用,法定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)逐漸發(fā)揮主要作用。在德國(guó)和我國(guó)臺(tái)灣地區(qū),合同標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為理論通說(shuō),同時(shí)也形成了合同目的、合同主體、主體意思、復(fù)合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等多種學(xué)說(shuō)。在合同標(biāo)的說(shuō)內(nèi)部,也存在規(guī)范事實(shí)說(shuō)、規(guī)范擬制說(shuō)、特別法說(shuō)、保留說(shuō)、行政任務(wù)說(shuō)、前定秩序說(shuō)等不同觀點(diǎn)。法國(guó)所確定的司法判例標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不具有適用性,而且其自身也面臨改變,不應(yīng)作為我國(guó)的借鑒對(duì)象。我國(guó)學(xué)者所主張的合同目的和行政優(yōu)益權(quán)均不適合作為區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。合同目的(無(wú)論是行政管理目的還是公共利益目的)屬于不確定概念,容易不當(dāng)擴(kuò)大行政合同的范圍,而且合同目的應(yīng)結(jié)合合同具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察,不應(yīng)與合同動(dòng)機(jī)混為一談。行政優(yōu)益權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)行政機(jī)關(guān)的行政特權(quán),這既不符合行政合同的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),也不符合我國(guó)簡(jiǎn)政放權(quán)的改革方略,還不利于合同相對(duì)方的權(quán)益保護(hù),應(yīng)予以舍棄。我國(guó)應(yīng)以合同標(biāo)的為區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),當(dāng)合同內(nèi)容涉及行政機(jī)關(guān)的權(quán)力、職責(zé)或公民公法上權(quán)利、義務(wù)時(shí),便為行政合同。行政機(jī)關(guān)在公權(quán)力行政過(guò)程中所簽合同屬于行政合同,而私經(jīng)濟(jì)行政過(guò)程中的合同則為民事合同。學(xué)者們?cè)诿袷潞贤c行政合同之外提出的經(jīng)濟(jì)合同和行政私法合同在概念上不能成立,所謂的經(jīng)濟(jì)合同或行政私法合同本質(zhì)上仍為民事合同,故仍應(yīng)以合同標(biāo)的為區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)堅(jiān)持民事合同與行政合同的二元區(qū)分。第四章,區(qū)分論下行政合同的應(yīng)用范圍。由于區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,各個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)行政合同的應(yīng)用范圍存在差異,即便在同一立法例內(nèi)部,就一些合同的定性也存在爭(zhēng)議。我國(guó)新《行政訴訟法》雖然將行政機(jī)關(guān)違反政府特許經(jīng)營(yíng)協(xié)議和土地房屋征收補(bǔ)償協(xié)議等協(xié)議的糾紛納入行政訴訟,但并未明確行政合同的具體范圍,而各地方政府規(guī)章及行政法理論研究卻有擴(kuò)大行政合同應(yīng)用范圍的傾向。以合同標(biāo)的為區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),行政合同應(yīng)僅限于公權(quán)力行政領(lǐng)域,行政機(jī)關(guān)在私經(jīng)濟(jì)行政過(guò)程中從事的交易性合同應(yīng)為民事合同。征收補(bǔ)償協(xié)議、計(jì)劃生育合同、公務(wù)員聘任合同、行政委托合同、行政擔(dān)保合同以及行政和解合同等屬于行政合同。政府采購(gòu)合同、國(guó)有土地使用權(quán)出讓合同、政府特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同、農(nóng)村土地承包合同、全民所有制工業(yè)企業(yè)承包(租賃)合同、政府科研合同、政策信貸合同以及教師聘用合同等私經(jīng)濟(jì)行政中的合同類型在合同內(nèi)容上既不涉及行政機(jī)關(guān)的權(quán)力、職責(zé),也與公民公法上的權(quán)利、義務(wù)無(wú)關(guān),應(yīng)屬于民事合同。在分析私經(jīng)濟(jì)行政中合同的性質(zhì)時(shí),可借鑒雙階理論將前階段的行政處分與后階段的合同區(qū)分開來(lái),同時(shí)也應(yīng)將合同與行政機(jī)關(guān)的法定職權(quán)區(qū)分開來(lái)。對(duì)于合同和與其相關(guān)聯(lián)的行政行為,應(yīng)分別適用民事和行政救濟(jì)路徑。至于可能造成法院間矛盾裁判的問(wèn)題,可借鑒德國(guó)和我國(guó)臺(tái)灣地區(qū)關(guān)于先決問(wèn)題的解決方案,還可探索建立民事附帶行政訴訟模式。將私經(jīng)濟(jì)行政中的合同納入民事合同,在保持法律的連續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性,維持行政合同內(nèi)部體系的協(xié)調(diào),維護(hù)民商事領(lǐng)域法律適用的統(tǒng)一性、落實(shí)國(guó)家民事主體地位、促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展以及保護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益等方面均具有重要意義。第五章,民事合同與行政合同的關(guān)聯(lián)。在強(qiáng)調(diào)行政合同與民事合同的區(qū)分,關(guān)注其行政性的同時(shí),也應(yīng)重視其與民事合同的共性,凸顯其合同性。民事合同與行政合同在平等、意思自治、誠(chéng)實(shí)信用以及合同神圣原則上存在共通性。行政合同中雙方當(dāng)事人并非單純的命令與服從關(guān)系,而是公法上的權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系,應(yīng)遵循平等原則。行政合同平等原則的內(nèi)涵不應(yīng)僅限于行政機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)相對(duì)人的平等對(duì)待,還應(yīng)包括行政機(jī)關(guān)與相對(duì)人之間的平等,即合同雙方主體資格平等、法律地位平等、權(quán)利義務(wù)平等以及平等受法律保護(hù)。行政自由裁量權(quán)為行政合同自由提供了合法依據(jù)和存在空間。但行政合同約定的事實(shí)認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不得低于法定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),約定的權(quán)利義務(wù)不得超過(guò)行政機(jī)關(guān)的法定職權(quán),而且行政合同的約定應(yīng)對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)的自由裁量權(quán)構(gòu)成限制。以行政法規(guī)范的性質(zhì)及破壞國(guó)家統(tǒng)制力為由否定行政法適用誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則不足為取,行政合同雙方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)誠(chéng)實(shí)、守信、善意,追求利益平衡。此外,行政合同還應(yīng)遵守合同神圣原則,增加對(duì)行政合同的認(rèn)可與尊重。行政合同應(yīng)主要適用行政法,但當(dāng)行政法規(guī)范存在漏洞,民法規(guī)范存在類似規(guī)定,且不違反行政法基本原則的情況下,應(yīng)允許對(duì)民事合同規(guī)則的類推適用。民事合同基本原則、合同訂立規(guī)則、合同效力規(guī)則、合同履行規(guī)則、合同終止規(guī)則、合同責(zé)任規(guī)則、合同解釋規(guī)則以及民事特別法規(guī)則等均有類推適用的空間。我國(guó)行政合同的救濟(jì)制度尚存在缺陷,可借鑒民事合同救濟(jì)機(jī)制予以完善。在非訴救濟(jì)方面,應(yīng)注重協(xié)商、仲裁功能的發(fā)揮,認(rèn)識(shí)到行政復(fù)議在解決行政合同糾紛上存在的缺陷,不應(yīng)將行政優(yōu)益權(quán)作為行政合同糾紛的解決手段。在司法救濟(jì)上,應(yīng)從起訴主體、受案范圍、訴訟管轄、舉證責(zé)任、審理方式以及判決形式等方面建立起雙向的救濟(jì)機(jī)制。我國(guó)應(yīng)以合同標(biāo)的建立起民事合同與行政合同的楚河漢界,將行政合同限定在公權(quán)力行政領(lǐng)域。只有這樣,才能將民事合同與行政合同真正區(qū)分開來(lái),才與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)及法律全球化以及我國(guó)簡(jiǎn)政放權(quán)的趨勢(shì)相符。我國(guó)未來(lái)民法典沒(méi)有必要專章規(guī)定政府合同或行政合同,就行政機(jī)關(guān)在私經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)程中簽訂的各類合同可通過(guò)單行立法進(jìn)行規(guī)范。隨著民事合同的日益普遍以及行政合同的大量興起,我國(guó)正在進(jìn)入合同社會(huì)。在強(qiáng)調(diào)民事合同與行政合同的性質(zhì)劃分以及公私法規(guī)制的同時(shí),還應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人締約能力的提高以及契約精神的養(yǎng)成。
[Abstract]:The relationship between civil contract and administrative contract has been debated in our country for a long time, but it has not yet formed a consensus. There are great differences between civil law scholars and administrative law scholars. Civil law scholars claim to limit the scope of administrative contracts or even deny the concept of administrative contract. With the right to sell the contract, the government procurement contract, the government scientific research contract, the government franchise contract, the rural land contract management contract and many other types of contract into it, present the tendency of generalization of the scope of the administrative contract. The dispute on the compensation agreement of land housing expropriation is included in the scope of administrative litigation, but it is not clear about the standard and specific type of the administrative contract, which makes the relationship between the civil contract and the administrative contract more and more complicated. It is not realistic to completely deny the concept of administrative contract, and it is difficult to enlarge the scope of the administrative contract too. On the basis of acknowledgment of the concept of administrative contract, it is advisable and urgent to clarify the distinction and connection between the civil contract and the civil contract. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article consists of five chapters: Chapter 1, the evolution and characteristics of the civil contract. The contract in the legal sense originates from the ancient Rome. The Rome law is independent from the debt, and has gone through the oral contract, The document contract requires the contract to the development stage of the contract, and gradually desalination of the strict requirements on the form and type. The "consensual" elements are gradually highlighted. It can be seen that the original form of the contract is a civil contract and the administrative contract does not have an independent historical origin. After that, the countries of the large land law system have concurrently adopted the church on the basis of the Rome law. According to the relevant provisions of the law, the concept of contract is formed at the core of the agreement. The contract of the Anglo American law system is developed from the contract litigation, and it is the core of the contract. But with the continuous challenge of the transaction and the challenge theory, the contract is gradually adopted. With the social and economic changes, the classical combination with the abstract and present characteristics is the core. A modern contract has a multiple philosophical basis, which is based on consensus, habit, honesty and credit and legal provisions, pursuing mutual cooperation and mutual benefit, emphasizing the flexibility and sociality of the contract, and more and more regulated by public law. These typical special features of modern contracts. Since the founding of new China, the civil contract system of China has gone through the beginning and pause period, the period of recovery and development, and the three stages of maturity and perfection. The contract also gradually developed from the planned means into an autonomous tool. The concept of "government retreat, market return" should continue to persist when dealing with the specific relationship between civil contract and administrative contract. The contract in civil law of our country also agrees that the eighty-fifth articles of the general law of the civil law restrict the contract to the contract of creditor's rights, and the second articles of the contract law can be interpreted in a broad sense but still take the creditor's right contract as the main object. The contract should be defined as the general concept, which can be defined as "the agreement between the establishment, alteration and elimination of civil rights and obligations between the parties". Chapter second, the rise and development of administrative contracts. The rise of administrative contracts with the transition of the state function (the welfare state, the rise of the cooperative state), the change of the political paradigm (from order administration, administration administration, centralized administration, Single administrative to payment administration, service administration, democratic administration, cooperative administration, and the division of public law and private law. There is no distinction between public law and private law in Anglo American law countries, there is no independent concept of administrative contract, and there are differences in the development of administrative contracts in civil law countries. Among them, the administrative cooperation between France and Germany The same system is of the most representative significance. The administrative contract of France mainly exists in the field of public service, which is closely related to the public law concept at the core of public service, the two yuan judicial system and the formation mechanism of the administrative law based on case precedent. In the field, the private economic behavior that the administrative organ applies to private law belongs to the private law category. The administrative law of our country is also carried out around the administrative power, and the administrative contract system of Germany should be more useful for reference. In the concept of administrative contract, it should not exclude the agreement between the administrative organs and the purpose of the contract (administrative management). As a component of the concept, it should be defined as the agreement between Germany and the Taiwan region of our country as: "the agreement between the administrative organs and natural persons, legal persons, other organizations, or between the administrative organs to establish, change, and terminate the rights and obligations of administrative law". This definition can not only correspond to the concept of civil contract, but also have a corresponding relationship with the concept of civil contract. The distinction between the two, the third chapter, the standard of distinction between civil contract and administrative contract. In the distinction standard, the most typical is France and Germany. In France, the distinction between civil contract and administrative contract is usually based on the two standards of legal provisions and judicial precedents. The standard of judicial precedent includes at least one party of the contract as a public legal person, The content of the contract is related to the two conditions of the public service or the provisions other than the private law. Now, the standard of the French judicial precedent is less applied because it is criticized. The legal standard gradually plays a major role. In Germany and the Taiwan area of China, the standard of the contract mark is the theory of the contract, and the contract object, the contract subject and the main meaning are also formed in the same time. There are various theories, such as the compound standard, and so on. In the contract standard, there is also the standard fact theory, the standard theory, the special law, the theory of the reservation, the theory of the administrative task and the order of the former order. The standard of judicial precedent is not applicable in France, and it is also faced with the change in itself. It should not be used as a reference for our country. Chinese scholars The purpose of the contract and the right of administrative benefit are not suitable for the distinction standard. The purpose of the contract (whether it is the purpose of administration or the purpose of public interest) is an uncertain concept, and it is easy to expand the scope of the administrative contract, and the purpose of the contract should be inspected with the specific content of the contract. It should not be confused with the contract motivation. The standard of preferential rights overemphasizes the administrative privileges of the administrative organs, which neither conforms to the development trend of the administrative contract nor is in line with the reform strategy of our country's simplified government and release, and is not conducive to the protection of the rights and interests of the other party, and should be abandoned. The rights and obligations of the public law are administrative contracts. The contracts signed by the administrative organs in the public power administrative process belong to the administrative contract, while the contract in the private economic administrative process is a civil contract. The economic contract and the private law contract put forward by the scholars in the civil contract and the administrative contract can not be established in concept. The contract or administrative private law contract is still a civil contract in essence, so it should still adhere to the distinction between the civil contract and the administrative contract by the standard of the contract. The fourth chapter distinguishes the application scope of the administrative contract under the distinction. The application scope of the administrative contracts in various countries and regions is different, even in the same way, because of the difference of standards. Within the legislations, there are disputes about the nature of some contracts. Although the new administrative procedure law of China has brought the administrative organs into administrative proceedings in violation of the agreements such as the government concession agreement and the compensation agreement of land housing expropriation, it does not clarify the specific scope of the administrative contract, but the local government regulations and the administrative law theory study There is a tendency to expand the scope of the application of administrative contracts. The administrative contract should be limited to the standard of the contract. The administrative contract should be limited to the administrative field of public power. The transaction contract that the administrative organ engaged in the private economy administrative process should be a civil contract. The compensation agreement, the family planning contract, the appointment contract of the public servants, the administrative entrustment contract, the administrative guarantee contract And the administrative contract, the contract of government procurement, the contract for the transfer of the right to use the state land, the contract of the government franchise, the contract for the rural land, the contract for the industrial enterprise of the whole people, the government research contract, the contract of the policy and the contract of the employment of the teacher, and the contract type of the contract in the private economy. In the content of the contract, it does not involve the authority of the administrative organs, duties, and the rights and obligations of the civil law. It should be a civil contract. In the analysis of the nature of the contract in private economic administration, we can draw lessons from the two order theory to distinguish the previous stage of administrative punishment from the later stage of the contract, and at the same time, it should also make the contract and the statutory duty of the administrative organ. The civil and administrative relief paths should be applied separately to the contract and the administrative act associated with it. As for the problems that may cause the conflicting judges between the courts, we can draw on the solutions of the first questions in Germany and the Taiwan region of our country and explore the establishment of a civil incidental administrative litigation model. The inclusion of a contract in a civil contract is of great significance in maintaining the continuity and stability of the law, maintaining the coordination of the internal system of the administrative contract, maintaining the unity of the legal application of the civil and commercial fields, implementing the status of the civil subject of the state, promoting the development of the international trade and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties. The fifth chapter, the civil contract and the line The relationship between the administrative contract and the administrative contract, while emphasizing the distinction between the administrative contract and the civil contract, and paying attention to its administrative nature, should also attach importance to the commonality of the contract with the civil contract and highlight its contractual nature. The civil contract and the administrative contract are common in equality, autonomy, honesty and credit and the sacred principle of the contract. The parties in the administrative contract are not simple. The connotations of the principle of equality of administrative contract should not only be restricted to the equal treatment of the relative persons by the administrative organs, but also include the equality between the administrative organs and the relative persons, that is, the equality of the main body of the two parties, the equal legal status, and the equal rights and obligations. And equality is protected by law. Administrative discretion provides the legal basis and space for the freedom of administrative contract. However, the standard of fact determination stipulated in the administrative contract must not be lower than the legal standard. The contractual rights and obligations must not exceed the statutory authority of the administrative organ, and the agreement of administrative contract should be made by the administrative authority. In addition, the parties to administrative contracts should be honest, trustworthy, good faith, and pursue a balance of interests. In addition, the administrative contract should also abide by the sacred principle of the contract, add the recognition and respect to the administrative contract. The administrative contract shall be the owner. In order to apply the administrative law, when there are loopholes in the administrative law, there are similar regulations in the code of civil law and do not violate the basic principles of the administrative law, it should be allowed to apply the analogy to the rules of civil contract. The basic principles of the civil contract, the rules of contract formation, the rules of the validity of the contract, the rules of the performance of the contract, the termination rules of the contract, the rules of the contract liability, and the rules of contract liability. There is a space of analogy with the rules of interpretation and the rules of civil special law. There are still defects in the remedy system of administrative contract in our country. We can draw lessons from the remedy mechanism of civil contract. In non litigation relief, we should pay attention to consultation, play the function of arbitration and recognize the defects of administrative reconsideration in solving administrative contract disputes. In judicial relief, we should establish a two-way relief mechanism from the subject of prosecution, the scope of the case, the jurisdiction of the lawsuit, the burden of proof, the way of hearing and the form of judgment. We should establish the contract of contract and the administrative contract of Chu River in the Han Dynasty and the administrative contract. Only in this way can civil contracts and administrative contracts be truly distinguished from those of the world economy and law.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D923.6;D925.3
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本文編號(hào)：1859123