本文選題：近因 + 近因原則��； 參考：《大連海事大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：近因原則是英國海上保險(xiǎn)法的基本原則之一。在發(fā)生海上保險(xiǎn)事故時(shí),近因原則是判斷保險(xiǎn)人是否承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任的依據(jù),倘若海上保險(xiǎn)事故是由作為近因的承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所引起的,保險(xiǎn)人固然應(yīng)承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)賠償責(zé)任；否則,便無責(zé)任可言。由此可見,近因原則是緩和保險(xiǎn)人與被保險(xiǎn)人之間利益沖突的調(diào)解器。近因原則不是孤立存在的,該項(xiàng)原則在適用的過程中,經(jīng)常與“保險(xiǎn)利益原則”、“最大誠信原則”以及“損失補(bǔ)償原則”聯(lián)系或者交叉在一起。因此,有必要對(duì)近因原則進(jìn)行全面和深入的研究以指導(dǎo)司法實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。本文以法學(xué)理論為指導(dǎo),闡述了近因原則的概念和內(nèi)涵,以及近因原則的起源和背景,具體分析了近因和近因原則的區(qū)別,以及近因原則在保險(xiǎn)實(shí)務(wù)中的重要意義。指出了英美法系和大陸法系國家的保險(xiǎn)立法在確定近因問題上的本質(zhì)差別。提出我國保險(xiǎn)法中雖無近因原則,但存在“近因”理念,然而作為原則必須被遵守,而理念則有賴于人們的自覺,指出我國的《保險(xiǎn)法》和海上保險(xiǎn)法中有必要借鑒英國的保險(xiǎn)立法,將近因原則確定在法律當(dāng)中。運(yùn)用法哲學(xué)和法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的理論,對(duì)與近因相關(guān)的概念進(jìn)行了深層次的解讀,就大陸法系和英美法系對(duì)保險(xiǎn)中認(rèn)定因果關(guān)系的理論和規(guī)則進(jìn)行了全方位的研究,文中分析了近因原則與因果聯(lián)系原則的區(qū)別,通過將近因原則與侵權(quán)法領(lǐng)域中的因果聯(lián)系進(jìn)行比對(duì),分析了近因原則與侵權(quán)法因果聯(lián)系的異同；再將合同法領(lǐng)域的因果聯(lián)系與近因原則做對(duì)比分析,進(jìn)一步明確近因原則的內(nèi)涵。本文從法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度對(duì)近因原則存在的合理性進(jìn)行了分析,運(yùn)用科斯定理分析了近因原則滿足了法律對(duì)效率的追求,同時(shí)亦符合卡爾多-希克斯效率的最優(yōu)狀態(tài),分析了美國法官提出的漢德公式下近因原則合理性,進(jìn)一步明確在立法中確立近因原則的必要性。提出對(duì)保險(xiǎn)法研究領(lǐng)域中的相關(guān)學(xué)說應(yīng)該綜合借鑒的觀點(diǎn)。結(jié)合保險(xiǎn)和司法實(shí)踐,對(duì)保險(xiǎn)法研究領(lǐng)域流行的“時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說”、“效力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說”和“常識(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說”進(jìn)行了比較、分析和論證,指出三種學(xué)說的利弊,提出在司法實(shí)踐中應(yīng)該對(duì)三種學(xué)說兼容并蓄,綜合運(yùn)用的主張。針對(duì)近因原則全有或者全無的判斷結(jié)果,提出借鑒近因責(zé)任分配新學(xué)說的觀點(diǎn),分析了原因力說、比例因果關(guān)系說和挪威分?jǐn)傄?guī)則的新模式和利弊分析。為近因原則的適用提供理論參考。文中對(duì)近因的各種類型進(jìn)行了逐一梳理,在搜集和總結(jié)大量案例的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)因各種原因致?lián)p的保險(xiǎn)案例進(jìn)行分門別類的研究和對(duì)比,并構(gòu)建起一個(gè)相對(duì)完整的確定近因的理論框架。(1)針對(duì)單一原因致?lián)p的情況,重點(diǎn)分析了在一因多果的情況下確定近因的規(guī)則。(2)對(duì)多重原因致?lián)p的情況,運(yùn)用不同的方法確定近因。針對(duì)多重原因相繼作用的情況,區(qū)分“簡單原因鏈”和“復(fù)雜原因鏈”：針對(duì)多種原因并列致?lián)p的情況,創(chuàng)設(shè)了“網(wǎng)狀”關(guān)系圖”、“傘狀”關(guān)系圖和“魚骨”圖分析法。由于海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的千變?nèi)f化,導(dǎo)致保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物損失的原因錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,文中在搜集和總結(jié)大量案例的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)海上保險(xiǎn)中適用近因原則進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究。文中運(yùn)用我國法律中彰顯的與近因原則類似的近因理念,區(qū)分船舶保險(xiǎn)、貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)和船舶營運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)三種類型,并進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究,指出在各種復(fù)雜的情況下認(rèn)定近因的方法。作為對(duì)全文的總結(jié),本文第六章有針對(duì)性地提出完善立法、改進(jìn)司法的構(gòu)想與建議。分析了我國立法中由于近因原則的缺失產(chǎn)生的消極影響,有針對(duì)性地提出將理念轉(zhuǎn)變成原則的建議,以及在現(xiàn)行的制度框架內(nèi)改進(jìn)司法的構(gòu)想。明確指出在我國的保險(xiǎn)立法中應(yīng)當(dāng)確立近因原則,并通過司法解釋,輔以指導(dǎo)性案例闡述具體的近因識(shí)別規(guī)則,以便統(tǒng)一對(duì)近因原則的認(rèn)識(shí)和裁判尺度,增強(qiáng)法律原則的可操作性。
[Abstract]:The principle of proximate cause is one of the basic principles of the British Maritime Insurance Law. In the event of marine insurance, the principle of proximate cause is the basis for judging whether the insurer is responsible for the liability. If the marine insurance accident is caused by the risk of underwriting as a proximate cause, the insurer should bear the liability for insurance compensation; otherwise, there is no responsibility to say it. Therefore, the principle of proximate cause is a mediator to mitigate the conflict of interests between the insurer and the insured. The principle of proximate cause is not isolated in isolation. In the process of application, the principle is often linked or intersecting with "the principle of insurance interest", "the principle of maximum honesty" and "the principle of loss compensation". On the basis of the theory of law, this paper expounds the concept and connotation of the principle of near cause, as well as the origin and background of the principle of proximate cause, analyzes the difference between the near cause and the principle of proximate cause, and the significance of the principle of near cause in the insurance practice. The insurance legislation in the legal system states the essential difference in determining the near cause. Although there is no principle of proximate cause in the insurance law of China, there is a "close cause" concept. However, it must be observed as a principle, while the idea depends on the consciousness of the people. It is pointed out that the insurance law of China and the maritime insurance law are necessary for reference to the British insurance legislation. According to the principle, the theory and the theory of law and economics are applied to the deep interpretation of the concept related to the proximate cause, and the theories and rules of the causal relationship between the continental law system and the Anglo American law system have been studied in all directions. The difference between the principle of proximate cause and the principle of causality is analyzed in this paper. The principle of proximate cause and the causal link in the field of tort law are compared, and the similarities and differences between the principle of proximate cause and the causation of the tort law are analyzed, and the causality relation of the field of contract and the principle of proximate cause are compared and analyzed, and the connotation of the principle of proximate cause is further clarified. Using the Coase theorem, the principle of proximate cause satisfies the pursuit of efficiency by law. At the same time, it also conforms to the optimal state of Kaldor Hicks efficiency. It analyses the rationality of the principle of proximate cause under the Han German formula proposed by the American judge, and further clarified the necessity of establishing the principle of proximate cause in the legislation. Combining the insurance and judicial practice, it compares the "standard of time", "standard of validity" and "common sense standard" in the research field of insurance law, analyzes and demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of the three theories, and puts forward the proposition that the three doctrines should be concurrently and comprehensively used in the judicial practice. In view of the result of all or none of the principle of proximate cause, this paper puts forward the view of the new theory of the distribution of the proximate cause, analyzes the new model and the advantages and disadvantages of the causation theory, the proportional causation and the Norway apportionment rules, and provides the theoretical reference for the application of the principle of proximate cause. On the basis of a large number of cases, the study and comparison of insurance cases caused by various reasons are studied and contrasted, and a relatively complete theoretical framework for determining the proximate cause is constructed. (1) in view of the damage caused by a single cause, the rules of determining the proximate cause in a multi fruit situation are emphatically analyzed. (2) the damage to multiple causes is damaged. According to the situation of the multiple causes, the "simple cause chain" and "complex cause chain" are distinguished by different methods. On the basis of collecting and summarizing a large number of cases, the paper makes an empirical study on the application of near cause in marine insurance on the basis of collecting and summarizing a large number of cases. In this paper, three types of marine insurance, cargo transportation insurance and ship operating insurance are distinguished by using the close cause concept similar to the near cause principle in China's law. The sixth chapter, as a summary of the full text, puts forward the conception and suggestion of perfecting the legislation and improving the judicature. It analyzes the negative influence caused by the lack of the principle of proximate cause in the legislation of our country, and proposes to transform the idea into the principle. The proposal, and the idea of improving the judicature in the current institutional framework, clearly points out that the principle of proximate cause should be established in the insurance legislation of our country, and the specific rules of near cause recognition should be expounded through judicial interpretation, with a guiding case, so as to unify the understanding of the principle of proximate cause and the scale of disarmament, and to enhance the operability of the legal principles.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：大連海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D922.284;D922.294

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