本文關(guān)鍵詞： 網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn) 財產(chǎn) 權(quán)利屬性 爭議 法律保護　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)自“網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)第一案”起就備受學(xué)界與實務(wù)界關(guān)注。它作為新事物處于不斷發(fā)展變化中,學(xué)界對其研究也在不斷深入。目前學(xué)界在網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)是否為財產(chǎn)、應(yīng)納入何種法律保護范圍及所涉各方權(quán)利義務(wù)如何界定等重要理論問題上存在分歧�，F(xiàn)今網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)年收入超過千億、網(wǎng)游用戶數(shù)以億計,有必要進一步厘清這些問題。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)為時不長,學(xué)界對于相關(guān)問題研究并沒完全展開與深入。而筆者認(rèn)為基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)發(fā)展蓬勃及對民眾影響漸深之情況,有必要對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)本質(zhì)、屬性以及如何保護做進一步研究,同時基于糾紛高發(fā)態(tài)勢與立法缺失導(dǎo)致諸多問題之現(xiàn)狀,立法機關(guān)應(yīng)對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)保護問題予以重視,加強立法。法律界也應(yīng)設(shè)法解決目前數(shù)量龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)糾紛。文章第一部分探討網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)與財產(chǎn)之關(guān)系。遠(yuǎn)古時代財產(chǎn)主要指“奴隸、牛羊、各類貨物”。進入農(nóng)業(yè)社會,土地、房屋開始成為社會非常重要之財產(chǎn)。到近現(xiàn)代,光源、電力、熱能等以往人類很難控制之物成為財產(chǎn),股票、債券、商業(yè)標(biāo)記、各種智力成果也成為非常重要的財產(chǎn)類型。財產(chǎn)隨著社會進步始終處于發(fā)展變革狀態(tài)。但財產(chǎn)有其基本屬性。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為財產(chǎn)即物。根據(jù)羅馬法之規(guī)定,物可分為有體物與無體物。有體物指的是指的是具備外在物質(zhì)實體、人類可直接感知之物,無體物指權(quán)利。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為人類社會所有財產(chǎn)皆可囊括于物之中。不過權(quán)利與物并非同一邏輯層次之概念,且根據(jù)不少新興財產(chǎn)之特點已不太適合納入物之范疇。為避免邏輯體系混亂,德國物權(quán)法已經(jīng)明確物即有體物。社會發(fā)展進步導(dǎo)致財產(chǎn)與物由一致走向分裂。在歷史長河中雖然財產(chǎn)形式在不斷發(fā)展變化,但它也形成了穩(wěn)定的屬性：客觀性、價值性、稀缺性、可控性。經(jīng)過對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)“否定論”、“肯定論”之比較分析,兼之以傳統(tǒng)財產(chǎn)法理論作為印證,得出網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)符合財產(chǎn)之基本屬性,屬于財產(chǎn)。文章第二部分研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)之權(quán)利屬性。從“網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)第一案”起,學(xué)界與實務(wù)界對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)之權(quán)利屬性存在很大分歧,兼之法律對此也無明確規(guī)定,導(dǎo)致司法實踐中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)類似案件裁判不統(tǒng)一之現(xiàn)象。這也讓玩家、運營商及法律工作者“困惑”。針對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)權(quán)利屬性,目前主要有物權(quán)說、債權(quán)說、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)說、新型財產(chǎn)權(quán)說等理論學(xué)說。尤其物權(quán)說、債權(quán)說支持者甚眾。其中物權(quán)說內(nèi)部還分為所有權(quán)說與使用權(quán)說、典型物權(quán)說與準(zhǔn)物權(quán)說之爭。債權(quán)說認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)權(quán)屬于債權(quán),網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)只不過為玩家根據(jù)游戲合同要求運營商提供游戲服務(wù)之憑證。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)說認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)中凝結(jié)了玩家智力投入,因此可將其視為智力成果納入知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護范圍�；诰W(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)之特性新型財產(chǎn)權(quán)說認(rèn)為應(yīng)將其視為一種特殊的新型財產(chǎn)予以保護。筆者通過對各種學(xué)說之評析得出：網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)因其具有非物質(zhì)性、期限性不屬于物,不宜劃入物權(quán)法調(diào)整范圍,又因其具有支配性與排他性使之區(qū)別于債,其產(chǎn)生過程并不具有創(chuàng)造性不能視為知識產(chǎn)品,將其視為新型財產(chǎn)很難解決現(xiàn)實問題。而無形財產(chǎn)體系之包容性與開放性給網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)歸入該體系提供了條件。將網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)權(quán)納入無形財產(chǎn)權(quán)范疇不至于給傳統(tǒng)的物權(quán)、債權(quán)、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)體系帶來大的沖擊,破壞它們體系的邏輯性與完整性,又可以根據(jù)其特性有針對性地采取保護措施。文章第三部分主要研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)歸屬問題。網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)未與網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲“分離”前,它作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的一部分,游戲設(shè)計商與運營商在其開發(fā)制作過程中投入大量人力、物力、財力,因此判定此階段網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)應(yīng)歸屬于游戲設(shè)計商與運營商。而玩家通過游戲或購買使網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)脫離原初的“自然狀態(tài)”,付出時間、精力、金錢甚至憑借運氣取得網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)。考察網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)爭議問題時,需考量網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)所處階段,其歸屬不能一概而論。通過架設(shè)私服、使用非法外掛等方式取得網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)可能侵害游戲設(shè)計商與運營商的著作權(quán)和財產(chǎn)權(quán)。文章第四部分對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)典型爭議問題進行研究。首先對目前主要的網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)爭議類型以及其中所涉各方權(quán)利義務(wù)進行界定,此舉可為爭議解決提供依據(jù)。在爭議中經(jīng)常需要確定網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)價值,目前可供選擇與參考的價值確定方式有玩家直接經(jīng)濟投入、交易平臺價格、運營商售賣價、中立機構(gòu)鑒定價以及銷贓價等�？缮鲜龇绞浇源嬖谝欢▎栴}或弊端,如將玩家直接經(jīng)濟投入視為網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)之價值無法體現(xiàn)玩家投入的時間成本；交易平臺價格很難反映稀有極品裝備之真實價值；中立機構(gòu)鑒定法程序較為復(fù)雜,耗時較長。因此糾紛中網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)價值需依據(jù)糾紛類型與特點綜合認(rèn)定。在此基礎(chǔ)上進而探討目前爭議較大的兩個網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)侵權(quán)問題：失竊網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)能否適用善意取得；網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)遭遇侵權(quán)能否要求精神損害賠償。第一個問題：在分析國內(nèi)外相關(guān)立法以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)交易的特殊環(huán)境后,本文認(rèn)為只要受讓玩家滿足善意以及支付合理對價之條件可以取得失竊網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)。此制度之建立有助于保護交易安全,降低交易成本,維護社會秩序穩(wěn)定。第二個問題：本文在分析財產(chǎn)侵權(quán)建立精神損害賠償制度之必要性分析基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為并非所有網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)遭遇侵權(quán)皆可索取精神損害賠償。如欲索取精神損害賠償需滿足兩個條件：第一,受侵害的網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)為具有精神利益之財產(chǎn)；第二,侵權(quán)行為給受害人造成嚴(yán)重的精神損害。文章第五部分研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)法律保護問題。在前一部分運營商權(quán)利義務(wù)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步明確游戲運營商在網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)保護中應(yīng)承擔(dān)何種責(zé)任�；谔摂M空間之特點、玩家對運營商信賴以及運營商技術(shù)能力,游戲運營商應(yīng)對用戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)起相應(yīng)安全保障義務(wù)。對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)相關(guān)安全保障義務(wù)具體內(nèi)容與法理依據(jù)進行了闡述。在對運營商設(shè)置的游戲注冊協(xié)議進行分析時發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)運營商會設(shè)置逃避己方主要義務(wù)、加重用戶責(zé)任之格式條款,由此也產(chǎn)生不少糾紛。筆者認(rèn)為此類條款應(yīng)按照合同法第39、40、41條之規(guī)定來認(rèn)定其效力。通過對域外韓、美、日、臺、港等國家與地區(qū)關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)立法的比較研究可以看到這些國家與地區(qū)對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)這類新事物所做之有益探索,其中不少糾紛處理與解決方案值得我國參考�！八街�,可以攻玉”。依據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)糾紛爭議數(shù)額不高,多數(shù)糾紛并不復(fù)雜之特點,建議引入小額訴訟程序。此制度可有效提高糾紛解決效率、方便當(dāng)事人維權(quán)。根據(jù)上海法院解決網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)糾紛之經(jīng)驗,可設(shè)置類似商品服務(wù)在線爭議處理模式來對大部分網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)糾紛進行在線“調(diào)解”與“仲裁”,此舉較為便捷,亦可節(jié)省司法成本與當(dāng)事人維權(quán)支出�？偠灾�,網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)問題已經(jīng)發(fā)展到法律界不可回避之地步。為有效遏制侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象,解決糾紛,維護公民合法權(quán)益,法律需對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)相關(guān)問題做出及時回應(yīng)。如果相關(guān)工作停滯不前,會讓法律對網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財產(chǎn)所形成新型社會關(guān)系之調(diào)整處于被動,也不利于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展及社會秩序穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:The network virtual property from the "virtual property" the first case has much academic and practical concerns. As new things are constantly changing and developing, academia in the research is also deepening. At present in the academic circles of the network virtual property is property, the differences should be included in the scope of legal protection and the parties involved how to define the rights and obligations and other important theoretical problems. Nowadays, the network game industry annual income of more than one hundred billion, hundreds of millions of online users, it is necessary to further clarify these issues. Because of the network virtual property appears too long, for the academic research and related issues not fully expanded and deepened. The author believes that the network virtual property and the vigorous development of based on the deep influence of the people, it is necessary to the nature of network virtual property, property protection and how to do further study, and based on the trend of high incidence of disputes and legislative deficiency A result of many problems of the status quo, problems of protection of network virtual property, the legislature should attach importance to it, strengthen the legislation. The legal profession should try to solve the huge number of network virtual property disputes. The first part discusses the network virtual property and the property relations. The ancient times property mainly refers to the "slave, cattle and sheep, all kinds of goods. In agriculture society, land, housing has become a very important social property. In modern times, light, power, heat and other past human is difficult to control things become the property, stocks, bonds, commercial marks, various intellectual achievements is a very important type of property. Property with social progress is always in the state. But the property development the basic properties. Some scholars think that the property. According to the provisions of Rome law, objects can be divided into tangible and intangible things. Material refers to the material with external Entity, direct perception of the human body, refers to the rights. Some scholars believe that the human society can be included in the property of all things. But the concept of rights and is not the same logic level, and according to many new property features are not suitable for the category. In order to avoid confusion in logic system, the German property law has made it clear that object. The development and progress of society and cause property. Split by the consistent trend. In history, although the property in the form of continuous development and change, but it also formed a stable attributes: objectivity, value, scarcity and controllability. Through the network virtual property "negative theory" "sure," the theory of comparative analysis, and the traditional property law theory as proof, that virtual property with the basic attributes of property belonging to the property right attribute. The second part of the research of network virtual property from. "The first case of virtual property, academics and practitioners of the attribute of network virtual property rights exist, and the law has no clear provisions in similar cases the referee does not unified the phenomenon in judicial practice. It also allows game player operators and legal workers," confusion ". According to the virtual network the nature of property rights, there are real right, creditor's rights, intellectual property rights, property rights and other new theories. Especially the real right, creditor's right. The supporters very public property right is divided into internal ownership and use right, property right and typical quasi property dispute. The latter thinks that the virtual network property right is a creditor's right, the network virtual property only for the certificate of service according to the game game player game contract requires operators. Intellectual property said that the network virtual property in the setting of intelligence into game player, It can be regarded as intellectual achievements into the scope of protection of intellectual property rights. Based on the characteristics of the network virtual property of a new type of property rights that should be protected as a kind of new special property. The author draws on the analysis of the theory of the network virtual property because of its non materiality time limit does not belong to. Should not be included in the adjustment range of the property law, but also because of its difference between the dominant and exclusive to debt, the process is not as creative intellectual products, is regarded as a new type of property is difficult to solve practical problems. The inclusion of intangible property system and open to the network virtual property in the system provides the condition of network virtual property into the category of intangible property than to the traditional real right, creditor's rights, bring big impact to the intellectual property system, destroy the logic and integrity of the system, And according to its characteristics to take protective measures. The third part mainly studies the network virtual property ownership. Virtual property and network game "separation", as part of the online games, game design and business operators to invest a lot of manpower, in its development in the process of making material resources, financial resources therefore, the decision stage of network virtual property should belong to the game design and business operators. The game player through the game or purchase virtual property from the original "natural state", time, energy, money and even by fortune. The influences of network virtual property disputes of virtual property, virtual property need to be considered at present, its ownership can not be generalized. By setting up servers, the illegal use of plug-in and other ways to obtain the network virtual property may infringe on game design companies and operators. For right and property right. The fourth part is about the research on the typical issues of network virtual property. Firstly, the current network virtual property disputes and the main types involved in defining the rights and obligations of the parties, the move can be provided. The dispute resolution in the dispute often need to determine the value of virtual property, currently available for selection and reference the ways to determine the direct economic value of game player input, trading platform operators selling price, price and price mechanism of neutral identification. The stolen goods can have some problems or shortcomings, such as the direct economic value as a game player into the network virtual property can not reflect the game player time investment cost; it is difficult to reflect the true value the price of rare best equipment trading platform; neutral body identification procedures more complex, time-consuming. So the network virtual property disputes in value According to the types of disputes and the characteristics of comprehensive appraisal. Then we discuss the controversial two network virtual property infringement problems: network virtual property theft can apply to bona fide acquisition; virtual property tort can ask for compensation for mental damage. The first question: in the analysis of domestic and international relevant legislation and the special environment of network virtual property transactions then, this paper argues that as long as the game player to meet the reasonable price of the goodwill and payment conditions can obtain ownership of network virtual property theft. The establishment of this system helps to protect the safety of transactions, reduce transaction costs, maintaining social order and stability. Second problems: Based on the analysis of property tort and analyzes the necessity of establishing the compensation system for mental damage on the basis of that, not all the network virtual property can obtain the tort for spiritual damages. Mental damages must meet two conditions: first, the network virtual property infringement property has spiritual interests; second, tort cause serious mental harm to the victim. The fifth part studies the legal protection of network virtual property. Based on the former part of the rights and obligations of operators on the analysis, to further clarify the game operators in the network virtual property protection should bear what responsibility. Based on the characteristics of virtual space, game player for operators and operators trust technical ability, game operators to deal with users of network virtual property assume the corresponding obligation of security. According to the network virtual property related security obligations and legal contents are expounded. Found in the Game Analysis on the operators of the registration agreement set, most operators will set its main escape obligations, increase the responsibility of the user The terms of format, which also produced a lot of disputes. The author thinks that such clauses should be in accordance with the provisions of article 39,40,41 of the contract law to determine its effectiveness. Based on the foreign Han, beauty, Taiwan, can be seen in these countries and regions have done something new to this kind of network virtual property of the beneficial exploration of comparative research on network virtual property the legislation of Hong Kong and other countries and regions, many disputes and solutions are worthy of our reference. "It mountain of stone, jade". On the basis of virtual property dispute disputes the amount is not high, most of the characteristics of disputes is not complicated, propose the introduction of small claims procedure. This system can effectively improve the efficiency of solving disputes, to facilitate the parties rights according to the experience of Shanghai court to resolve disputes of virtual property, can be set up similar goods and services online dispute processing mode to carry out online on most of the network virtual property disputes" Mediation "and" arbitration ", it is more convenient, but also to save judicial cost and expenditure of the parties rights. In short, network virtual property has been developed to the legal profession point can not be avoided. In order to effectively curb the phenomenon of infringement, to resolve disputes and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, the law of the virtual property related issues to make timely response. If related work is stagnant, will make the law of virtual property formed by adjusting the new social relations in a passive, is not conducive to the healthy development of the network game industry and social stability.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D913

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