【摘要】：本文主要探討國(guó)際海底資源的分配與美國(guó)的政策選擇問(wèn)題。國(guó)際公共資源分配制度可以分為市場(chǎng)型和權(quán)威型兩種模式。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)資源開(kāi)發(fā)的效率,后者關(guān)注資源分配的公平。在海底公共資源分配領(lǐng)域,這兩種制度模式的演變決定了美國(guó)海底資源分配政策的調(diào)整和變化。 上個(gè)世紀(jì)40年代,為滿(mǎn)足戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要,美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府單方面宣布開(kāi)發(fā)近海石油資源,拉開(kāi)了二戰(zhàn)后海底資源利益紛爭(zhēng)的序幕,各國(guó)對(duì)海底資源的利益訴求導(dǎo)致了世界海洋秩序的紊亂。第一次海洋法會(huì)議通過(guò)的《大陸架公約》以技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)能力作為海底資源分配的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),實(shí)際上確立了市場(chǎng)型的資源分配制度。美國(guó)在海底資源開(kāi)發(fā)上擁有明顯的技術(shù)與資本優(yōu)勢(shì),也就決定了美國(guó)是這一海底資源分配制度的主要受益者和維護(hù)者。 1967年,聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)通過(guò)了阿維德·帕多(Avid Pardo)的一項(xiàng)提案,確立了“人類(lèi)共同遺產(chǎn)”原則。原有的市場(chǎng)型資源分配制度受到了挑戰(zhàn)。在國(guó)際社會(huì)的壓力下,尼克松政府雖極力回避“人類(lèi)共同遺產(chǎn)”原則,但也同意通過(guò)召開(kāi)第三次海洋法會(huì)議解決海底問(wèn)題,這就為海底資源分配制度的轉(zhuǎn)型提供了可能。在“人類(lèi)共同遺產(chǎn)”原則基礎(chǔ)上,第三次海洋法會(huì)議最終確立了以國(guó)際海底管理局為中心的權(quán)威型資源分配制度,美國(guó)因此失去了海底資源分配的主導(dǎo)權(quán)。美國(guó)以公海自由原則為由拒絕批準(zhǔn)《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》,在國(guó)內(nèi)單方面制定了“深海底固體礦產(chǎn)資源法”。在國(guó)際上,美國(guó)在《海洋法公約》之外與其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家簽訂“互惠國(guó)協(xié)定”,公開(kāi)與國(guó)際海底資源開(kāi)發(fā)制度相抗衡。 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,在聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的支持下,國(guó)際社會(huì)為修訂公約中有關(guān)深海底采礦的條款共舉行了兩輪15次非正式磋商會(huì)議。聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)于1994年7月通過(guò)了《關(guān)于執(zhí)行1982年12月10日聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約第十一部分的協(xié)定》�！秷�(zhí)行協(xié)定》對(duì)海底管理局的決策程序、審查會(huì)議、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、生產(chǎn)政策等一系列重大海底制度的內(nèi)容都進(jìn)行了修正,這一修正完成了海底開(kāi)發(fā)由權(quán)威型向市場(chǎng)型的轉(zhuǎn)變。1994年8月,美國(guó)正式簽署《執(zhí)行協(xié)定》,此舉表明美國(guó)重新回到國(guó)際多邊海底開(kāi)發(fā)制度中來(lái)。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly discusses the distribution of international seabed resources and the policy choice of the United States. The international public resource distribution system can be divided into two modes: market and authority. The former emphasizes the efficiency of resource development, which focuses on the fairness of resource allocation. In the area of the allocation of the seabed public resources, the evolution of the two systems determines the adjustment and change of the American seabed resource allocation policy. In the 1940s, in order to meet the needs of post-war economic development, the Federal Government of the United States unilaterally declared the development of offshore oil resources, and opened the prologue of the interests of the seabed resources after the Second World War. disturbances. The United Nations Convention on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, adopted by the First Conference on the Law of the Sea, has in fact established market-based resource allocation as a standard for resource allocation in the seabed The United States has a clear technical and capital advantage over the development of seabed resources, and it has also decided that the United States is the main beneficiary and dimension of this system of resource allocation The United Nations General Assembly, in 1967, adopted a proposal by Avid Pardo to establish a "trunk" "common" of " principle. Existing market-type resource allocation system The challenge is that, under the pressure of the international community, while the Nixon administration is highly circumventing the principle of the "common heritage of mankind", it is also agreed to address the issue of the seabed by the convening of the Third International Conference on the Law of the Sea, which is the transformation of the system for the allocation of the seabed resources It is possible. On the basis of the principle of the "common heritage of mankind", the Third United States Conference on the Law of the Sea has finally established an authoritative resource allocation system centred on the International Seabed Authority, and the United States therefore lost its sub-sea resources. The leading power of the United States is the refusal to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea by the principle of the freedom of the public and sea. / unk>. At the international level, the United States, in addition to the Convention on the Law of the Sea, has entered into "Agreement on the Reciprocity of States" with other developed countries to open and develop international seabed resources After the end of the cold war, the international community, with the support of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, held two rounds of two rounds of amendments to the provisions of the Convention relating to deep seabed mining Informal consultations on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in July 1994 Agreement on Part XI............................................................................................................................................. In August 1994, the United States formally signed the Implementation Agreement, which demonstrated the return of the United States to the international multilateral
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D993.5

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 吳少杰;聯(lián)合國(guó)三次海洋法會(huì)議與美國(guó)關(guān)于海洋法問(wèn)題的政策（1958-1982）[D];東北師范大學(xué);2013年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 羅立昱;國(guó)際海底制度與南北關(guān)系[D];南京大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：2505856