【摘要】：當(dāng)今國際社會(huì)復(fù)雜多變,各種矛盾沖突不斷,武裝沖突幾乎已經(jīng)成為無法回避的現(xiàn)實(shí)。幾乎從最早有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)規(guī)則開始,就將如何保護(hù)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)區(qū)的平民作為主要內(nèi)容。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)法中最主要的區(qū)分原則就是要求在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中必須要將經(jīng)過武裝訓(xùn)練的戰(zhàn)斗員與手無寸鐵的平民進(jìn)行區(qū)分,喪失戰(zhàn)斗能力的人與平民必須得到保護(hù)。尤其是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來,隨著人類文明的不斷發(fā)展,國際上要求保護(hù)平民的呼聲越來越強(qiáng)烈,保護(hù)平民免受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)災(zāi)難的國際人道主義法規(guī)也越來越完善,各國已經(jīng)在保護(hù)平民這一問題上達(dá)成共識(shí)。 盡管如此,作為政治的極端表現(xiàn)形式,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和武裝沖突往往帶來災(zāi)難性的后果,尤其是隨著現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的不斷發(fā)展,使得平民已經(jīng)成為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中最主要的受害者,最大程度上承擔(dān)著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)帶來的苦難。大量平民傷亡和民用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施遭到毀壞已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的副產(chǎn)品;一些現(xiàn)實(shí)的原因也使得平民在遭到傷害以后難以及時(shí)得到積極有效的人道主義援助;甚至一些嚴(yán)重違反戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)規(guī)則的行為(如蓄意傷害平民)也由于現(xiàn)存機(jī)制的缺失而可以免于責(zé)任,使得平民的人身權(quán)利更加難以得到保障。 因此,本文認(rèn)為,必須采取一種國家合作原則,由包括聯(lián)合國、各種國際人道主義組織以及國家在內(nèi)的國際社會(huì)共同努力,國家要將保護(hù)平民作為自己的義務(wù)自覺遵守,在國際社會(huì)中創(chuàng)造一種普遍遵守的氛圍;對(duì)于嚴(yán)重違反國際人道主義法的犯罪行為,必須追覺犯罪者的個(gè)人刑事責(zé)任,國家也要承擔(dān)一定的責(zé)任;同時(shí)借鑒國際人權(quán)保護(hù)的實(shí)施機(jī)制,完善對(duì)人道主義保護(hù)監(jiān)督機(jī)制,等等。必須要采取一種更加積極有力的措施才能真正保護(hù)處在武裝沖突地區(qū)的平民。
[Abstract]:Nowadays, the international community is complex and changeable, all kinds of contradictions and conflicts continue, armed conflicts have almost become an unavoidable reality. Almost from the earliest rules of war, how to protect civilians in war zones has been the main content. The most important principle of distinction in the law of war is that armed trained combatants must be distinguished from unarmed civilians in war, and those who are incapacitated from civilians must be protected. Especially since the second World War, with the continuous development of human civilization, the international call for the protection of civilians is becoming stronger and stronger, and the international humanitarian laws and regulations for the protection of civilians from war disasters are becoming more and more perfect. Countries have reached a consensus on the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, as an extreme form of politics, war and armed conflict often have disastrous consequences, especially with the continuous development of modern warfare, civilians have become the most important victims of war, to the greatest extent, bear the suffering caused by war. A large number of civilian casualties and the destruction of civilian infrastructure have become by-products of modern warfare; some realistic reasons have also made it difficult for civilians to receive active and effective humanitarian assistance in a timely manner after being injured; and even serious violations of the rules of war, such as deliberate harm to civilians, have been exempted from responsibility because of the lack of existing mechanisms, making it more difficult to guarantee the physical rights of civilians. Therefore, this paper holds that it is necessary to adopt a principle of national cooperation, with the joint efforts of the international community, including the United Nations, various international humanitarian organizations and States, and that States should consciously abide by the protection of civilians as their obligations and create an atmosphere of universal adherence in the international community. For serious violations of international humanitarian law, we must be aware of the individual criminal responsibility of the perpetrators, the state should also bear a certain responsibility; at the same time, draw lessons from the implementation mechanism of international human rights protection, improve the monitoring mechanism of humanitarian protection, and so on. A more active and forceful measure must be taken in order to truly protect civilians in areas of armed conflict.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：燕山大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D997.9

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