【摘要】：跨國(guó)代孕以一種非官方、半地下的形式在全球范圍內(nèi)日益流行,引起了各國(guó)政府、海牙國(guó)際私法會(huì)議、人權(quán)保護(hù)組織等的廣泛關(guān)注。各國(guó)針對(duì)代孕相關(guān)問(wèn)題存在法律沖突,加上缺乏統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范管制,跨國(guó)代孕協(xié)議的合法性、有效性和強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力不確定,跨國(guó)代孕所涉各方的權(quán)益保護(hù)問(wèn)題尤其是代孕子女親權(quán)歸屬不確定、法律地位不確定的問(wèn)題日益突出。既有案例及數(shù)據(jù)表明,我國(guó)已處于跨國(guó)代孕潮流中。但我國(guó)大陸既有法律對(duì)代孕未有規(guī)定,而且對(duì)代孕也存在不適用的問(wèn)題,再加上跨國(guó)代孕問(wèn)題本身的復(fù)雜性使司法實(shí)務(wù)處理面臨困境�？鐕�(guó)代孕相關(guān)問(wèn)題亟待解決,本文將從解決國(guó)際私法問(wèn)題的一般路徑統(tǒng)一實(shí)體法路徑和沖突規(guī)范路徑分別進(jìn)行探討,并針對(duì)國(guó)際上爭(zhēng)議較大的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題探討公共秩序保留的具體適用問(wèn)題。首先是統(tǒng)一實(shí)體法路徑分析,對(duì)海牙國(guó)際私法會(huì)議開展的父母身份／代孕項(xiàng)目及歐盟議會(huì)組織專家組進(jìn)行的統(tǒng)一實(shí)體法實(shí)踐進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)合《跨國(guó)收養(yǎng)方面保護(hù)兒童及合作公約》及《歐洲人權(quán)公約》在實(shí)務(wù)中的應(yīng)用,得出現(xiàn)階段跨國(guó)代孕相關(guān)問(wèn)題仍需依靠沖突規(guī)范來(lái)處理的結(jié)論。其次,本文以跨國(guó)代孕協(xié)議兼具財(cái)產(chǎn)性與人身性的特殊性質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ),采用“分割”理論就合同事項(xiàng)和親權(quán)事項(xiàng)分別設(shè)計(jì)沖突規(guī)范。針對(duì)意愿父母與代理孕母在跨國(guó)代孕協(xié)議訂立及履行過(guò)程中存在的地位差距,結(jié)合許多國(guó)家就代孕協(xié)議的效力和執(zhí)行力分別立法的現(xiàn)狀及國(guó)際私法注重實(shí)質(zhì)正義的新趨勢(shì),得出弱勢(shì)一方合法利益保護(hù)原則、“分割”理論及意思自治原則在跨國(guó)代孕合同事項(xiàng)中具有適用性的結(jié)論,并分析具體適用方案；針對(duì)“跛足”親權(quán)對(duì)代孕子女基本權(quán)益的損害,結(jié)合已有國(guó)際條約、判例及各國(guó)相關(guān)沖突規(guī)范中體現(xiàn)的“保護(hù)兒童最佳利益”原則,通過(guò)增加新的連結(jié)點(diǎn)或者適用結(jié)合性連結(jié)點(diǎn)的方式確保最能保護(hù)兒童利益的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法得到適用。最后,結(jié)合公共秩序保留制度的限制適用趨勢(shì)、國(guó)際私法對(duì)實(shí)質(zhì)公平的追求以及公共秩序本身的不確定性,從平衡國(guó)家利益與個(gè)人利益的角度,針對(duì)代理孕母的剝削和商品化問(wèn)題探討國(guó)際公共秩序的適用及公共秩序保留與國(guó)內(nèi)公法的關(guān)系；為避免代孕子女及同性意愿父母受公共秩序保留制度濫用的影響,主要從側(cè)重結(jié)果公正的“客觀說(shuō)”和兒童最佳利益保護(hù)分公共秩序保留制度的具體適用。
[Abstract]:Transnational surrogacy is becoming more and more popular in the world in an unofficial, semi-underground form, which has aroused the widespread concern of governments, the Hague Conference on Private International Law, human rights protection organizations and so on. Conflicts of laws exist in various countries on surrogacy related issues, coupled with the lack of uniform regulatory controls, and the uncertainty of the legality, effectiveness and enforcement of transnational surrogacy agreements. The protection of the rights and interests of the parties involved in transnational surrogacy, especially the uncertainty of the attribution of parental rights of surrogate children, and the uncertainty of legal status are becoming increasingly prominent. Existing cases and data show that China has been in the trend of transnational surrogacy. However, in mainland China, there is no stipulation on surrogacy in law, and there is also a problem that is not applicable to surrogacy. Moreover, the complexity of transnational surrogacy makes the judicial practice face difficulties. The problems related to transnational surrogacy need to be solved urgently. This paper will discuss the general path of uniform substantive law and conflict norm path to solve the problems of private international law. This paper also discusses the specific application of public order reservation in view of some controversial issues in the world. First of all, the path analysis of uniform substantive law, the analysis of the project of parenthood / surrogacy carried out by the Hague Conference on Private International Law and the practice of uniform substantive law carried out by the Group of experts of the European Parliament. Combined with the application of the Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in respect of Intercountry Adoption and the European Convention on Human Rights in practice, it is concluded that the problems related to intercountry surrogacy still need to be dealt with by conflict norms. Secondly, based on the special property of both property and person in transnational surrogacy agreement, this paper uses the theory of "division" to design conflict rules for contract items and parental matters respectively. In view of the status gap between willing parents and surrogate mothers in the process of conclusion and implementation of transnational surrogacy agreements, combined with the current situation of legislation on the validity and enforcement of surrogacy agreements in many countries and the new trend of paying attention to substantive justice in private international law. It draws the conclusion that the principle of protecting the legal interests of the weak party, the theory of "division" and the principle of autonomy of will have applicability in the transnational surrogacy contract, and analyzes the concrete application scheme; In view of the damage to the basic rights and interests of surrogate children caused by the parental right of "lameness", the principle of "protecting the best interests of the child" is embodied in the existing international treaties, jurisprudence and relevant conflict norms of various countries. Ensure that the applicable law that best protects the interests of the child is applied by adding new or applicable associative points. Finally, according to the trend of restriction and application of the reservation system of public order, the pursuit of substantive fairness in private international law and the uncertainty of public order itself, from the angle of balancing national and individual interests, Aiming at the exploitation and commercialization of surrogate mothers, this paper discusses the application of international public order and the relationship between the reservation of public order and domestic public law. In order to avoid the influence of the abuse of public order reservation system on surrogate children and same-sex willing parents, this paper mainly discusses the application of the "objective theory" which emphasizes the result and justice and the protection of the best interests of the child as well as the concrete application of the public order reservation system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D997.1

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本文編號(hào)：2377802