《TRIPS協(xié)議》及《多哈宣言》下藥品專利法律問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-27 20:03
【摘要】：《TRIPS協(xié)議》的實施，使發(fā)展中國家被迫采取與發(fā)達(dá)國家相同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來保護(hù)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)。在《TRIPS協(xié)議》的要求下，藥品這種關(guān)系到人類健康和生命的特殊商品也必須受到專利保護(hù)。藥品被授予專利權(quán)后，專利權(quán)人取得獨(dú)占性權(quán)利，這就使得藥品的價格由于缺乏競爭而非常昂貴。發(fā)展中國家的患者難以承擔(dān)如此昂貴的藥價，使得公共健康利益與專利權(quán)人的利益之間的沖突變得異常尖銳�！抖喙浴返耐ㄟ^為發(fā)展中國家在TRIPS框架下解決公共健康問題指明了方向——充分利用《TRIPS協(xié)議》為公共健康目的所給予的靈活性來制定和實施其藥品專利制度。 本文從國際法的視角就《TRIPS協(xié)議》下藥品專利制度的發(fā)展、規(guī)則、缺陷等問題進(jìn)行考察，并對《TRIPS協(xié)議》關(guān)于保護(hù)公共健康的靈活性條款進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析，探討了國際社會及中國在面臨公共健康問題時面臨的問題及對策。 在結(jié)構(gòu)上，本文分為三章： 第一章“《TRIPS協(xié)議》與藥品專利”本章首先回顧了《TRIPS協(xié)議》簽訂的背景及其實施對WTO各成員藥品專利制度的影響。對藥品實行專利保護(hù)是實施《TRIPS協(xié)議》的直接結(jié)果，也是造成藥價昂貴的直接原因。隨后論述了藥品專利保護(hù)和維護(hù)公共健康之間的矛盾以及對TRIPS框架下藥品專利制度的反思，指出《TRIPS協(xié)議》過于強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)藥品專利權(quán)人的利益，而嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了發(fā)展中國家的公共健康利益，同時也對發(fā)展中國家的藥品研發(fā)和制藥產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)生不利影響。 第二章“《多哈宣言》對公共健康問題的應(yīng)對”主要對《多哈宣言》簽署的背景；它的內(nèi)容、意義及后續(xù)發(fā)展進(jìn)行了論述。本章指出，發(fā)展中國家由于藥品的可及性問題引發(fā)公共健康危機(jī)，使得國際社會對專利權(quán)人的私權(quán)與公眾的健康權(quán)孰輕孰重有了新的認(rèn)識，并最終導(dǎo)致《多哈宣言》的通過。本章還闡釋了《TRIPS協(xié)議》中可用于解決公共健康問題的靈活性條款，對這些條款的研究、利用，有利于發(fā)展中國家維護(hù)公共健康。 第三章“我國解決公共健康問題的策略”主要涉及我國在《TRIPS協(xié)議》框架下解決公共健康問題的方法和途徑。首先，對中國的藥品專利制度進(jìn)行了綜述，并對其從公共健康的角度進(jìn)行了評析，主要關(guān)注于我國藥品專利制度中沒有充分利用的靈活性措施。其次，，本章還分析了我國有必要實施專利藥品的強(qiáng)制許可來增加仿制藥的競爭，使社會公眾從中受益。最后，本章指出應(yīng)從公共健康角度審查藥品專利，鼓勵藥品的研發(fā)和制藥企業(yè)的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement forced developing countries to adopt the same standards as developed countries to protect intellectual property rights. Under the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, drugs, a special commodity related to human health and life, must also be protected by patents. When drugs are patented, patentees obtain exclusive rights, which make the price of drugs very expensive because of lack of competition. Patients in developing countries cannot afford such expensive drugs. The conflict between the public health interests and the interests of the patentee has become acute. The adoption of the Doha Declaration points the way for developing countries to solve public health problems within the framework of the TRIPS-making full use of the < TRIPS Agreement The flexibility granted for public health purposes to develop and implement its drug patent system. From the perspective of international law, this paper examines the development, rules and defects of the drug patent system under the "TRIPS Agreement", and makes a systematic analysis of the flexibility provisions of the "TRIPS Agreement" concerning the protection of public health. This paper discusses the problems and countermeasures faced by the international community and China in the face of public health problems. In terms of structure, this paper is divided into three chapters: chapter one, "TRIPS Agreement" and Drug Patent, this chapter first reviews the background of the signing of the "TRIPS Agreement" and the impact of its implementation on the drug patent system of the members of WTO. Patent protection is the direct result of the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement and the direct cause of the high drug price. Then it discusses the contradiction between the protection of drug patents and the maintenance of public health, and reflects on the drug patent system under the framework of TRIPS, and points out that the "TRIPS Agreement" emphasizes too much on the protection of the interests of drug patentees. It is harmful to the public health interests of the developing countries, and has a negative impact on the drug research and development and the pharmaceutical industry in the developing countries. The second chapter, "the response of the Doha Declaration to Public Health issues", mainly discusses the background of the signing of the Doha Declaration, its content, significance and subsequent development. This chapter points out that the public health crisis caused by the problem of drug accessibility in developing countries makes the international community have a new understanding of the private rights of patentees and the right to health of the public and ultimately lead to the adoption of the Doha Declaration. This chapter also illustrates the flexible provisions of the TRIPS Agreement that can be used to solve public health problems. The research and utilization of these provisions will benefit developing countries to maintain public health. The third chapter, "Strategies to solve public health problems in China", mainly involves the methods and approaches of solving public health problems under the framework of "TRIPS Agreement". First of all, this paper summarizes the drug patent system in China, and evaluates it from the perspective of public health. It mainly focuses on the measures that are not fully utilized in the pharmaceutical patent system in China. Secondly, this chapter also analyzes that it is necessary to enforce compulsory licensing of patented drugs to increase the competition of generic drugs and to benefit the public. Finally, this chapter points out that drug patents should be reviewed from a public health perspective to encourage drug research and development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D997.1
本文編號：2361887
[Abstract]:The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement forced developing countries to adopt the same standards as developed countries to protect intellectual property rights. Under the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, drugs, a special commodity related to human health and life, must also be protected by patents. When drugs are patented, patentees obtain exclusive rights, which make the price of drugs very expensive because of lack of competition. Patients in developing countries cannot afford such expensive drugs. The conflict between the public health interests and the interests of the patentee has become acute. The adoption of the Doha Declaration points the way for developing countries to solve public health problems within the framework of the TRIPS-making full use of the < TRIPS Agreement The flexibility granted for public health purposes to develop and implement its drug patent system. From the perspective of international law, this paper examines the development, rules and defects of the drug patent system under the "TRIPS Agreement", and makes a systematic analysis of the flexibility provisions of the "TRIPS Agreement" concerning the protection of public health. This paper discusses the problems and countermeasures faced by the international community and China in the face of public health problems. In terms of structure, this paper is divided into three chapters: chapter one, "TRIPS Agreement" and Drug Patent, this chapter first reviews the background of the signing of the "TRIPS Agreement" and the impact of its implementation on the drug patent system of the members of WTO. Patent protection is the direct result of the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement and the direct cause of the high drug price. Then it discusses the contradiction between the protection of drug patents and the maintenance of public health, and reflects on the drug patent system under the framework of TRIPS, and points out that the "TRIPS Agreement" emphasizes too much on the protection of the interests of drug patentees. It is harmful to the public health interests of the developing countries, and has a negative impact on the drug research and development and the pharmaceutical industry in the developing countries. The second chapter, "the response of the Doha Declaration to Public Health issues", mainly discusses the background of the signing of the Doha Declaration, its content, significance and subsequent development. This chapter points out that the public health crisis caused by the problem of drug accessibility in developing countries makes the international community have a new understanding of the private rights of patentees and the right to health of the public and ultimately lead to the adoption of the Doha Declaration. This chapter also illustrates the flexible provisions of the TRIPS Agreement that can be used to solve public health problems. The research and utilization of these provisions will benefit developing countries to maintain public health. The third chapter, "Strategies to solve public health problems in China", mainly involves the methods and approaches of solving public health problems under the framework of "TRIPS Agreement". First of all, this paper summarizes the drug patent system in China, and evaluates it from the perspective of public health. It mainly focuses on the measures that are not fully utilized in the pharmaceutical patent system in China. Secondly, this chapter also analyzes that it is necessary to enforce compulsory licensing of patented drugs to increase the competition of generic drugs and to benefit the public. Finally, this chapter points out that drug patents should be reviewed from a public health perspective to encourage drug research and development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D997.1
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