論海上貨物運輸法強制性規(guī)范的沖突與解決
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-23 07:42
【摘要】：海上貨物運輸法的強制性,主要強調(diào)當事人不得通過約定減損調(diào)整海上貨物運輸?shù)哪承┓梢?guī)則,否則與之相沖突的約定將歸于無效。海上貨物運輸合同的核心問題在于對承運人的義務(wù)和責(zé)任界定,海上貨物運輸法的強制性規(guī)范通過規(guī)定承運人的最低限度的義務(wù)和最大范圍的免責(zé),并由此構(gòu)成公共政策,旨在分攤風(fēng)險與平衡雙方利益。在海上貨物運輸領(lǐng)域確立和實施強制性規(guī)范,從立法角度而言,實質(zhì)上是國家立法機關(guān)對私法自治領(lǐng)域的干預(yù)和對當事人合同自由的有限度排除。海上貨物運輸法在其產(chǎn)生之日起就深深的打上了強制性的烙印,以承運人責(zé)任制度為核心的海上貨物運輸法在其歷史演進過程中自始至終貫穿著強制性的特征。 本文將首先從海上貨物運輸法的歷史淵源角度看其強制性規(guī)范體系的歷史演進,并分析影響其變遷的影響因素,如經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)、公共政策、契約自由的濫用等；接著將著重分析海上貨物運輸法強制性規(guī)范體系的沖突現(xiàn)狀,主要從內(nèi)國法意義上的強制性規(guī)范和沖突法意義上強制性規(guī)范兩方面,前者主要從以承運人責(zé)任為核心的強制性規(guī)范的內(nèi)容著手,分析強制性規(guī)范體系的擴展,包括責(zé)任主體的擴展、承運人責(zé)任期間的擴展、強制性規(guī)范法律適用范圍的擴展,同時對承運人責(zé)任歸責(zé)原則的沖突也進行了相應(yīng)分析；后者主要是指強制性規(guī)范適用的沖突,包括法院管轄權(quán)的沖突、仲裁條款效力的沖突以及法律適用的沖突。 文章后半部分將試圖就強制性規(guī)范的沖突主要從沖突法和實體法角度提出解決方案,通過沖突規(guī)范的協(xié)調(diào)與統(tǒng)一能夠有效的解決法律適用的問題,但作為一種間接調(diào)整方法仍無法解決各國國內(nèi)法及國際公約之間的實體法內(nèi)容的差異；國際私法統(tǒng)一化大趨勢下海上貨物運輸公約的制定為沖突的解決提供了有效的途徑,《海牙規(guī)則》、《維斯比規(guī)則》、《漢堡規(guī)則》三個公約的并立的局面導(dǎo)致法律適用的沖突與混亂,聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會在2002年提出《聯(lián)合國全程或者部分海上國際貨物運輸合同公約》,即《鹿特丹規(guī)則》,并獲得聯(lián)合國的通過�！堵固氐ひ�(guī)則》旨在順應(yīng)國際商貿(mào)發(fā)展,統(tǒng)一當下分散、落后的國際貨物運輸法,在對既有公約規(guī)則繼承前提下順應(yīng)海運實踐的新發(fā)展,力圖統(tǒng)一海上貨物運輸法,但其效果仍需后續(xù)實踐檢驗。此外,契約自由的回歸也為海上貨物運輸法的強制性規(guī)范體系帶來新的挑戰(zhàn)。 文章最后將就我國海商法下的海上貨物運輸法強制性規(guī)范體系作出粗略的考量,并為其改革提出相應(yīng)思考。
[Abstract]:The mandatory nature of the law of carriage of goods by sea mainly emphasizes that the parties may not derogate from certain rules of law governing the carriage of goods by sea by agreement, otherwise the conflicting agreement will be null and void. The core issue of a contract for the carriage of goods by sea lies in the definition of the obligations and responsibilities of the carrier. The mandatory norms of the carriage of goods by sea provide for the carrier's minimum obligations and maximum scope of exemption, and thus constitute public policy. Aim to share risks and balance the interests of both sides. From the legislative point of view, the establishment and implementation of mandatory norms in the field of carriage of goods by sea is essentially the intervention of the national legislature in the field of autonomy of private law and the limited exclusion of the parties' freedom of contract. The law of carriage of goods by sea has been deeply branded as mandatory since its birth, and the law of carriage of goods by sea, which takes the carrier's liability system as the core, runs through the mandatory characteristics throughout its historical evolution. This paper first looks at the historical evolution of the system of mandatory norms from the perspective of the historical origin of the law on the carriage of goods by sea, and analyzes the influential factors affecting its changes, such as economic base, public policy, abuse of freedom of contract, and so on. Then it will focus on the analysis of the current situation of the conflict of the mandatory norms system of the carriage of goods by sea, mainly from two aspects: the mandatory norms in the sense of internal law and the compulsory norms in the sense of conflict of laws. The former mainly starts from the content of the mandatory norms with the carrier liability as the core, and analyzes the expansion of the mandatory norm system, including the extension of the subject of responsibility, the extension of the period of the carrier's liability, the extension of the scope of application of the mandatory norms. At the same time, the conflict of the principle of liability imputation of carrier is also analyzed. The latter mainly refers to the conflict of the application of peremptory norms, including the conflict of the jurisdiction of the court, the conflict of the validity of the arbitration clause and the conflict of the application of the law. In the second half of the article, the author tries to put forward a solution to the conflict of peremptory norms from the angle of conflict law and substantive law, which can effectively solve the problem of legal application through the coordination and unification of conflict norms. However, as an indirect adjustment method, it is still unable to solve the differences of substantive law content between the domestic laws and international conventions. The formulation of the Convention on the Carriage of goods by Sea under the trend of Unification of Private International Law provides an effective way to resolve conflicts. The coexistence of the three Hamburg rules led to conflict and confusion in the application of the law. In 2002, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) proposed the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Carriage of goods wholly or partly by Sea. That is, the Rotterdam rules, which were adopted by the United Nations. The Rotterdam rules are designed to conform to the development of international commerce and to unify the current fragmented and backward international law on the carriage of goods, In accordance with the new development of maritime transport practice under the premise of inheriting the existing convention rules, the author tries to unify the law of carriage of goods by sea, but its effect still needs to be tested by subsequent practice. In addition, the return of freedom of contract also brings new challenges to the compulsory regulation system of the law of carriage of goods by sea. In the end, the paper makes a rough consideration on the compulsory standard system of the maritime freight transport law under the maritime law of our country, and puts forward the corresponding consideration for its reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D996.19
本文編號：2350812
[Abstract]:The mandatory nature of the law of carriage of goods by sea mainly emphasizes that the parties may not derogate from certain rules of law governing the carriage of goods by sea by agreement, otherwise the conflicting agreement will be null and void. The core issue of a contract for the carriage of goods by sea lies in the definition of the obligations and responsibilities of the carrier. The mandatory norms of the carriage of goods by sea provide for the carrier's minimum obligations and maximum scope of exemption, and thus constitute public policy. Aim to share risks and balance the interests of both sides. From the legislative point of view, the establishment and implementation of mandatory norms in the field of carriage of goods by sea is essentially the intervention of the national legislature in the field of autonomy of private law and the limited exclusion of the parties' freedom of contract. The law of carriage of goods by sea has been deeply branded as mandatory since its birth, and the law of carriage of goods by sea, which takes the carrier's liability system as the core, runs through the mandatory characteristics throughout its historical evolution. This paper first looks at the historical evolution of the system of mandatory norms from the perspective of the historical origin of the law on the carriage of goods by sea, and analyzes the influential factors affecting its changes, such as economic base, public policy, abuse of freedom of contract, and so on. Then it will focus on the analysis of the current situation of the conflict of the mandatory norms system of the carriage of goods by sea, mainly from two aspects: the mandatory norms in the sense of internal law and the compulsory norms in the sense of conflict of laws. The former mainly starts from the content of the mandatory norms with the carrier liability as the core, and analyzes the expansion of the mandatory norm system, including the extension of the subject of responsibility, the extension of the period of the carrier's liability, the extension of the scope of application of the mandatory norms. At the same time, the conflict of the principle of liability imputation of carrier is also analyzed. The latter mainly refers to the conflict of the application of peremptory norms, including the conflict of the jurisdiction of the court, the conflict of the validity of the arbitration clause and the conflict of the application of the law. In the second half of the article, the author tries to put forward a solution to the conflict of peremptory norms from the angle of conflict law and substantive law, which can effectively solve the problem of legal application through the coordination and unification of conflict norms. However, as an indirect adjustment method, it is still unable to solve the differences of substantive law content between the domestic laws and international conventions. The formulation of the Convention on the Carriage of goods by Sea under the trend of Unification of Private International Law provides an effective way to resolve conflicts. The coexistence of the three Hamburg rules led to conflict and confusion in the application of the law. In 2002, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) proposed the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Carriage of goods wholly or partly by Sea. That is, the Rotterdam rules, which were adopted by the United Nations. The Rotterdam rules are designed to conform to the development of international commerce and to unify the current fragmented and backward international law on the carriage of goods, In accordance with the new development of maritime transport practice under the premise of inheriting the existing convention rules, the author tries to unify the law of carriage of goods by sea, but its effect still needs to be tested by subsequent practice. In addition, the return of freedom of contract also brings new challenges to the compulsory regulation system of the law of carriage of goods by sea. In the end, the paper makes a rough consideration on the compulsory standard system of the maritime freight transport law under the maritime law of our country, and puts forward the corresponding consideration for its reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D996.19
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