【摘要】：國(guó)際法中的軟規(guī)范,亦稱軟法,指原則上沒(méi)有法律約束力但有實(shí)際效力的行為規(guī)則。軟規(guī)范作為法律的一種表現(xiàn)形式,其概念最早出現(xiàn)在國(guó)際法領(lǐng)域,其他領(lǐng)域則較少出現(xiàn)。但隨著公共治理的興起和全球化的快速發(fā)展,國(guó)際軟規(guī)范在很多領(lǐng)域大規(guī)模的涌現(xiàn)并得到了很好的運(yùn)用,特別是在國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易、國(guó)際環(huán)保、信息技術(shù)、人權(quán)保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域。國(guó)際軟規(guī)范起初并沒(méi)有得到學(xué)者們的重視,認(rèn)為軟規(guī)范不具有強(qiáng)制約束力,也就不能稱之為法律,但隨著軟規(guī)范在國(guó)際各領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用,越來(lái)越多的學(xué)者們逐漸改變了對(duì)軟規(guī)范的冷漠態(tài)度,把關(guān)注的目光投向了軟規(guī)范的研究,軟規(guī)范呈現(xiàn)出勃勃生機(jī)。隨著研究的逐步展開(kāi)和日漸深入,愈來(lái)愈多的學(xué)者對(duì)軟規(guī)范的存在、意義及其作用持肯定態(tài)度。 盡管國(guó)際法長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)在維護(hù)國(guó)際秩序方面發(fā)揮著重要作用,但傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際法仍然存在著不可回避的缺陷：第一,在國(guó)際交往中存在很多復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題丞待解決,而國(guó)際泫卻無(wú)法對(duì)此進(jìn)行規(guī)范,國(guó)際社會(huì)沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的解決方案以便運(yùn)用；第二,由于國(guó)家間存在著意識(shí)形態(tài)、思想觀念、社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)等方面的差異,在執(zhí)行國(guó)際法的相關(guān)條約規(guī)定時(shí),如果遭遇阻力而強(qiáng)行執(zhí)行規(guī)范的話往往適得其反；第三,國(guó)際法的制定是一個(gè)相當(dāng)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,無(wú)法及時(shí)因應(yīng)變動(dòng)不居的國(guó)際現(xiàn)實(shí),其主要原因是因?yàn)槊恳粋�(gè)國(guó)家都不會(huì)在維護(hù)自己國(guó)家的國(guó)家主權(quán)和利益方面做出讓步。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)這種局面時(shí),傳統(tǒng)意義上的國(guó)際法就無(wú)法發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用。相較于傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際法中的硬規(guī)范而言,國(guó)際軟規(guī)范關(guān)注的是爭(zhēng)論中的各國(guó)就某個(gè)爭(zhēng)議問(wèn)題達(dá)成共識(shí),軟規(guī)范所獨(dú)有的開(kāi)放性、參與性、回應(yīng)性、(?)少協(xié)商的障礙,就某項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治僵局達(dá)成妥協(xié),而將其約束力留在將來(lái)進(jìn)行協(xié)商和討論。軟規(guī)范的多樣性、靈活性還能夠在很大程度上起到補(bǔ)充硬規(guī)范的作用。小僅如此,軟規(guī)范還可以使被硬規(guī)范忽略掉的那部分的主體參與到協(xié)商過(guò)程中來(lái)。 本文采取綜合與比較相結(jié)合的方法對(duì)國(guó)際法中的軟規(guī)范的產(chǎn)生背景、演變過(guò)程、研究現(xiàn)狀、軟規(guī)范的基本概念、軟規(guī)范與硬規(guī)范的聯(lián)系、軟規(guī)范的表現(xiàn)形式與軟規(guī)范的功能等方面進(jìn)行闡述。在介紹國(guó)際法中的軟規(guī)范的形成過(guò)程中則主要采取的是案例研究方法,以期能夠更為詳細(xì)清楚的介紹國(guó)際軟規(guī)范是如何形成的。 加強(qiáng)對(duì)國(guó)際軟規(guī)范的研究,有利于我們更加準(zhǔn)確的理解國(guó)際法的本質(zhì),從而進(jìn)一步有效發(fā)揮國(guó)際法規(guī)范的功能,更為重要的是在當(dāng)今這個(gè)以和平與發(fā)展為主題的國(guó)際大環(huán)境中國(guó)際軟規(guī)范所扮演的角色是傳統(tǒng)意義上的國(guó)際法所不能代替的,尤其是國(guó)際軟規(guī)范在構(gòu)建和諧國(guó)際關(guān)系,維護(hù)國(guó)際秩序方面所發(fā)揮的重要作用。
[Abstract]:Soft norms in international law, also called soft law, refer to rules of conduct that are not legally binding in principle but have actual force. As a manifestation of law, the concept of soft norm first appeared in the field of international law, but seldom in other fields. However, with the rise of public governance and the rapid development of globalization, international soft norms have emerged in a large scale in many fields, especially in international economic and trade, international environmental protection, information technology, human rights protection and other fields. At first, the international soft norms have not been paid much attention by scholars, and they think that soft norms are not binding, so they can not be called law, but with the wide application of soft norms in various fields of the world, More and more scholars have gradually changed their indifferent attitude towards soft norms and paid close attention to the study of soft norms. With the gradual development and deepening of the research, more and more scholars hold a positive attitude towards the existence, significance and function of soft norms. Although international law has played an important role in maintaining the international order for a long time, there are still some unavoidable shortcomings in the traditional international law: first, there are many complex problems to be solved in international exchanges. The international community does not have a ready solution to regulate this; the international community does not have a ready solution for its use; Second, due to the differences in ideology, social reality and so on, it is often counterproductive to enforce the norms when implementing the relevant treaties and regulations of international law. Third, the formulation of international law is a long process, unable to respond to the changing international reality in time, the main reason is that each country will not make concessions in safeguarding its own national sovereignty and interests. When this happens, the traditional sense of international law can not play its due role. Compared with the hard norms in the traditional international law, the international soft norms are concerned with the consensus reached by the countries in dispute on a particular issue, the unique openness, participation, responsiveness of the soft norms, (?) The obstacle to less negotiation is to reach a compromise on an economic and political impasse, leaving its binding force for future consultation and discussion. The diversity of soft specifications, flexibility can also play a large role in complementing hard norms. In this case, the soft specification can also involve the subject of the part neglected by the hard specification in the negotiation process. In this paper, the background, evolution, research status, basic concepts of soft norms, the relationship between soft norms and hard norms are studied by means of the combination of synthesis and comparison. The manifestation of soft specification and the function of soft specification are expounded. In the process of introducing the soft norms in international law, the paper mainly adopts the case study method, in order to explain in more detail how the international soft norms are formed. Strengthening the study of international soft norms is conducive to a more accurate understanding of the nature of international law, thereby further effectively exerting the functions of the norms of international law. What is more important is that the role played by international soft norms in the current international environment with the theme of peace and development cannot be replaced by international law in the traditional sense, especially in the construction of harmonious international relations. The important role played in maintaining the international order.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D99

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