國際貿(mào)易中的PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題及我國對策研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-07 17:32
【摘要】：PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是針對產(chǎn)品的加工和生產(chǎn)過程、方法所指定的特定的環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由于各國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平和社會發(fā)展階段的不同,各國國內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也千差萬別。在國際貿(mào)易中,當(dāng)各國不同的PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生沖突時就產(chǎn)生了貿(mào)易爭端,可以說,圍繞PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所展開的一系列爭端其實是環(huán)境與貿(mào)易問題的縮影,之所以會產(chǎn)生諸多的矛盾是因為發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家由于經(jīng)濟水平和社會發(fā)展階段的不同,對待環(huán)境問題的看法和關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題的側(cè)重點不同所引起的。我國作為發(fā)展中國家,在國際貿(mào)易中也因為PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過低等問題而遭受不利影響。本文主要闡述了PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)生,綜合介紹了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的定義和分類,并聯(lián)系WTO中兩個典型案例,對發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家的爭論焦點做出梳理,并分析了南北雙方產(chǎn)生這種分歧的客觀原因,最后對我國的PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)狀和應(yīng)當(dāng)采用的對策提出建議。具體來說,文章分為三大主要部分: 第一部分,主要對PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行了系統(tǒng)的介紹,包括定義,分類,WTO對其的規(guī)定,MEA對其的規(guī)定以及二者的沖突。介紹了基于PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而采取的環(huán)境貿(mào)易限制措施所產(chǎn)生的背景,其社會經(jīng)濟背景是貿(mào)易與環(huán)境沖突的逐漸凸顯;并介紹了自由貿(mào)易和環(huán)境保護兩者之間的相互影響,雙方都是既有積極影響,又有消極影響;其法律背景是環(huán)境法預(yù)防原則的提出,環(huán)境成本內(nèi)在化的需求和全過程治理環(huán)境問題的需求。 第二部分,主要結(jié)合GATT和WTO中關(guān)于PPM的兩個案例:金槍魚海豚案和海蝦海龜案對PPM問題在國際貿(mào)易中爭端的具體體現(xiàn)做出闡述和分析,主要涉及與產(chǎn)品無關(guān)的PPM即NPR-PPM的地位問題,域外效力問題和同類產(chǎn)品怎樣界定問題。分析了發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家在對待PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的不同立場以及其背后的客觀原因,認(rèn)為由于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平和社會發(fā)展階段的不同必然造成兩者在對待PPM上的態(tài)度差異,發(fā)達國家更關(guān)注本國產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力問題,發(fā)展中國家更關(guān)注產(chǎn)品在國際貿(mào)易中的市場準(zhǔn)入問題;并且兩者在對環(huán)境問題的關(guān)注側(cè)重點上也不同,發(fā)展中國家關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題比較基本,而發(fā)達國家關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題可能涉及道德觀念,人權(quán)等更復(fù)雜的層面。 第三部分,介紹了我國PPM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)狀,分國際和國內(nèi)層面;我國應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的對策,國際上應(yīng)當(dāng)積極參與國際公約和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定,拒絕將NPR-PPM納入WTO體系中,國內(nèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)完善清潔生產(chǎn)制度,鼓勵企業(yè)采用自愿PPM生態(tài)標(biāo)志。
[Abstract]:PPM standard is a specific environmental standard for the processing and production process of products. Due to the different levels of economic development and social development of different countries, the domestic standards of PPM standards are also very different. In international trade, trade disputes arise when different PPM standards come into conflict. It can be said that a series of disputes about PPM standards are in fact the epitome of environmental and trade issues. Many contradictions arise from the differences between developed and developing countries in terms of their economic level and stage of social development, their views on environmental issues and their focus on environmental issues. China, as a developing country, is also adversely affected by the low PPM standard in international trade. This paper mainly expounds the emergence of PPM standard, introduces the definition and classification of the standard, and combs the controversy between developed and developing countries by referring to two typical cases in WTO. The paper also analyzes the objective reasons for the difference between the north and the south, and finally puts forward some suggestions on the status quo of PPM standards and the countermeasures to be adopted in our country. Specifically, the paper is divided into three main parts: the first part, mainly introduces the PPM standard systematically, including definition, classification, WTO's stipulation, MEA's stipulation and the conflict between them. This paper introduces the background of the environmental trade restriction measures based on PPM standard, whose social and economic background is the increasingly prominent conflict between trade and environment. It also introduces the interaction between free trade and environmental protection, both of which have both positive and negative effects. Its legal background is the principle of environmental law prevention, the demand of internalization of environmental cost and the demand of managing environmental problems in the whole process. The second part mainly combines the two cases of PPM in GATT and WTO: tuna dolphin case and sea shrimp turtle case to elaborate and analyze the specific embodiment of the PPM problem in the international trade dispute. It mainly involves the status of PPM (NPR-PPM) which is not related to the product, the problem of extraterritorial effect and how to define the similar products. This paper analyzes on the different positions of developed and developing countries in the treatment of PPM standards and the objective reasons behind them, and points out that the differences in attitude towards PPM are inevitable due to the difference of economic development level and social development stage. Developed countries are more concerned about the competitiveness of their own industries, and developing countries are more concerned about market access of products in international trade; Moreover, the two countries also pay different attention to the environmental issues. The developing countries pay attention to the environmental problems more basic, while the developed countries concern about the environmental problems may involve more complex aspects, such as moral concept, human rights and so on. The third part introduces the current situation of China's PPM standard, which is divided into international and domestic levels. China should actively participate in the formulation of international conventions and standards and refuse to incorporate NPR-PPM into the WTO system. China should perfect the cleaner production system and encourage enterprises to adopt voluntary PPM eco-label.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.9
本文編號：2317071
[Abstract]:PPM standard is a specific environmental standard for the processing and production process of products. Due to the different levels of economic development and social development of different countries, the domestic standards of PPM standards are also very different. In international trade, trade disputes arise when different PPM standards come into conflict. It can be said that a series of disputes about PPM standards are in fact the epitome of environmental and trade issues. Many contradictions arise from the differences between developed and developing countries in terms of their economic level and stage of social development, their views on environmental issues and their focus on environmental issues. China, as a developing country, is also adversely affected by the low PPM standard in international trade. This paper mainly expounds the emergence of PPM standard, introduces the definition and classification of the standard, and combs the controversy between developed and developing countries by referring to two typical cases in WTO. The paper also analyzes the objective reasons for the difference between the north and the south, and finally puts forward some suggestions on the status quo of PPM standards and the countermeasures to be adopted in our country. Specifically, the paper is divided into three main parts: the first part, mainly introduces the PPM standard systematically, including definition, classification, WTO's stipulation, MEA's stipulation and the conflict between them. This paper introduces the background of the environmental trade restriction measures based on PPM standard, whose social and economic background is the increasingly prominent conflict between trade and environment. It also introduces the interaction between free trade and environmental protection, both of which have both positive and negative effects. Its legal background is the principle of environmental law prevention, the demand of internalization of environmental cost and the demand of managing environmental problems in the whole process. The second part mainly combines the two cases of PPM in GATT and WTO: tuna dolphin case and sea shrimp turtle case to elaborate and analyze the specific embodiment of the PPM problem in the international trade dispute. It mainly involves the status of PPM (NPR-PPM) which is not related to the product, the problem of extraterritorial effect and how to define the similar products. This paper analyzes on the different positions of developed and developing countries in the treatment of PPM standards and the objective reasons behind them, and points out that the differences in attitude towards PPM are inevitable due to the difference of economic development level and social development stage. Developed countries are more concerned about the competitiveness of their own industries, and developing countries are more concerned about market access of products in international trade; Moreover, the two countries also pay different attention to the environmental issues. The developing countries pay attention to the environmental problems more basic, while the developed countries concern about the environmental problems may involve more complex aspects, such as moral concept, human rights and so on. The third part introduces the current situation of China's PPM standard, which is divided into international and domestic levels. China should actively participate in the formulation of international conventions and standards and refuse to incorporate NPR-PPM into the WTO system. China should perfect the cleaner production system and encourage enterprises to adopt voluntary PPM eco-label.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.9
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