論北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理國際合作制度的構(gòu)建
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-13 10:38
【摘要】：氣候變化背景下的北極海冰加速融化,魚類循北而上,加之北冰洋具有適合捕魚的地形條件,未來北冰洋公海有可能成為新漁場(chǎng)。一方面,北極地區(qū)因凸顯的資源優(yōu)勢(shì)而成為國際社會(huì)的關(guān)注重點(diǎn),但是由于治理機(jī)制的缺失導(dǎo)致在北極地區(qū)的爭(zhēng)端頻發(fā);另一方面,全球漁業(yè)資源處于充分甚至過度開發(fā)的緊張狀態(tài),北冰洋公海作為地球上最后一塊尚未被開發(fā)的潛在漁場(chǎng),必須做到管理先于開發(fā)。北冰洋公海的地理屬性和北極魚類的特點(diǎn),使的相關(guān)國家必須進(jìn)行國際合作才能有效的實(shí)現(xiàn)北冰洋公海漁業(yè)的管理。首先,筆者從北冰洋公海漁業(yè)現(xiàn)狀的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要和預(yù)防人類共同財(cái)產(chǎn)發(fā)生公地悲劇兩個(gè)角度對(duì)構(gòu)建北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理國際合作制度的必要性進(jìn)行了分析。脆弱的北冰洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)需要保護(hù),北冰洋公海周邊漁區(qū)都曾面臨漁業(yè)生態(tài)危機(jī),構(gòu)建國際合作制度有利于緩和世界各國在北極地區(qū)的矛盾。而且構(gòu)建國際合作制度是為了保護(hù)作為人類共同財(cái)產(chǎn)的公海漁業(yè)資源,避免公地悲劇重演和破解集體行動(dòng)困境的途徑。其次,漁業(yè)管理國際合作制度的構(gòu)建已具有一定的法律基礎(chǔ)和組織基礎(chǔ),相關(guān)國家和國際組織有進(jìn)行國際合作的意愿,南極海域漁業(yè)管理實(shí)踐也可以提供十分有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒,筆者從這四個(gè)方面梳理了構(gòu)建國際合作制度的可行性。再次,文章分析了現(xiàn)有國際制度的不足和深層次原因。一是法律基礎(chǔ)不充分,現(xiàn)有國際公約和文件缺乏針對(duì)性,目前尚無專門適用于北冰洋公海的區(qū)域漁業(yè)協(xié)定。二是組織基礎(chǔ)不完善,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織、東北大西洋委員會(huì)和北極理事會(huì)均不適合作為北冰洋公海漁業(yè)的管理機(jī)構(gòu)。導(dǎo)致這些不足的深層次原因在于北極的地理環(huán)境特殊性,北冰洋公海漁業(yè)前景不明和北極復(fù)雜的地緣政治給構(gòu)建國際合作制度帶來了很大的挑戰(zhàn)。最后,針對(duì)上述不足,筆者提出構(gòu)建漁業(yè)管理國際合作制度的如下建議:一是國際合作方向是制定一項(xiàng)專門針對(duì)北冰洋公海的國際漁業(yè)協(xié)定。二是國際合作需要確立預(yù)警原則、基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)漁業(yè)管理理念和互不抵觸原則。三是國際合作的內(nèi)容主要集中在技術(shù)方面,將獲取的科學(xué)研究信息共享和探索傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的結(jié)合。四是國際合作的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)是設(shè)立成員方大會(huì)。
[Abstract]:Under the background of climate change, the Arctic sea ice melts rapidly, the fish follow the north, and the Arctic Ocean has the suitable terrain conditions for fishing, so the high seas of the Arctic Ocean may become a new fishing ground in the future. On the one hand, the Arctic region has become the focus of attention of the international community because of its outstanding resource advantages, but the lack of governance mechanisms has led to frequent disputes in the Arctic region; on the other hand, The global fishery resources are in a tight state of full and even over-exploitation. As the last potential fishing ground on the planet, the high seas of the Arctic Ocean must be managed before exploitation. The geographical attributes of the high seas of the Arctic Ocean and the characteristics of the Arctic fish make it necessary for the countries concerned to carry out international cooperation in order to effectively realize the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. Firstly, the author analyzes the necessity of establishing the international cooperation system of high seas fisheries management in the Arctic Ocean from the point of view of the actual needs of the present situation of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the prevention of common property tragedy. The fragile Arctic Ocean ecosystem needs to be protected, and the fishing areas around the high seas of the Arctic Ocean have been faced with fishery ecological crisis. Therefore, the establishment of an international cooperation system is conducive to easing the contradictions between countries in the Arctic region. Moreover, the purpose of constructing the international cooperation system is to protect the fishery resources of the high seas, which are the common property of mankind, to avoid the tragedy of the Commons and to solve the plight of collective action. Secondly, the establishment of the system of international cooperation in fisheries management has a certain legal and organizational basis, and the relevant countries and international organizations have the will to carry out international cooperation, and the practice of fisheries management in the Antarctic Sea area can also provide very useful experience for reference. The author combs the feasibility of constructing the system of international cooperation from these four aspects. Thirdly, the article analyzes the deficiency and deep reasons of the existing international system. First, the legal basis is inadequate, the existing international conventions and documents lack pertinence, and there are no regional fisheries agreements specifically applicable to the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, the organization foundation is not perfect, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the Northeast Atlantic Commission and the Arctic Council are not suitable for the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. The deep reasons for these deficiencies lie in the particularity of the Arctic geographical environment, the uncertain prospect of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the complex geopolitics in the Arctic bring great challenges to the establishment of international cooperation system. Finally, in view of the above deficiencies, the author puts forward the following suggestions for constructing the international cooperation system of fisheries management: first, the direction of international cooperation is to formulate an international fishery agreement for the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, international cooperation needs to establish the principle of early warning, based on the concept of ecosystem fisheries management and the principle of non-conflict. Third, the content of international cooperation is mainly focused on technology, sharing the information of scientific research and exploring the combination of traditional knowledge and modern science and technology. Fourth, the executive body of international cooperation is the establishment of member conferences.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5
[Abstract]:Under the background of climate change, the Arctic sea ice melts rapidly, the fish follow the north, and the Arctic Ocean has the suitable terrain conditions for fishing, so the high seas of the Arctic Ocean may become a new fishing ground in the future. On the one hand, the Arctic region has become the focus of attention of the international community because of its outstanding resource advantages, but the lack of governance mechanisms has led to frequent disputes in the Arctic region; on the other hand, The global fishery resources are in a tight state of full and even over-exploitation. As the last potential fishing ground on the planet, the high seas of the Arctic Ocean must be managed before exploitation. The geographical attributes of the high seas of the Arctic Ocean and the characteristics of the Arctic fish make it necessary for the countries concerned to carry out international cooperation in order to effectively realize the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. Firstly, the author analyzes the necessity of establishing the international cooperation system of high seas fisheries management in the Arctic Ocean from the point of view of the actual needs of the present situation of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the prevention of common property tragedy. The fragile Arctic Ocean ecosystem needs to be protected, and the fishing areas around the high seas of the Arctic Ocean have been faced with fishery ecological crisis. Therefore, the establishment of an international cooperation system is conducive to easing the contradictions between countries in the Arctic region. Moreover, the purpose of constructing the international cooperation system is to protect the fishery resources of the high seas, which are the common property of mankind, to avoid the tragedy of the Commons and to solve the plight of collective action. Secondly, the establishment of the system of international cooperation in fisheries management has a certain legal and organizational basis, and the relevant countries and international organizations have the will to carry out international cooperation, and the practice of fisheries management in the Antarctic Sea area can also provide very useful experience for reference. The author combs the feasibility of constructing the system of international cooperation from these four aspects. Thirdly, the article analyzes the deficiency and deep reasons of the existing international system. First, the legal basis is inadequate, the existing international conventions and documents lack pertinence, and there are no regional fisheries agreements specifically applicable to the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, the organization foundation is not perfect, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the Northeast Atlantic Commission and the Arctic Council are not suitable for the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. The deep reasons for these deficiencies lie in the particularity of the Arctic geographical environment, the uncertain prospect of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the complex geopolitics in the Arctic bring great challenges to the establishment of international cooperation system. Finally, in view of the above deficiencies, the author puts forward the following suggestions for constructing the international cooperation system of fisheries management: first, the direction of international cooperation is to formulate an international fishery agreement for the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, international cooperation needs to establish the principle of early warning, based on the concept of ecosystem fisheries management and the principle of non-conflict. Third, the content of international cooperation is mainly focused on technology, sharing the information of scientific research and exploring the combination of traditional knowledge and modern science and technology. Fourth, the executive body of international cooperation is the establishment of member conferences.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5
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