文化財(cái)產(chǎn)返還的國際公約機(jī)制研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-03 07:13
【摘要】：文化財(cái)產(chǎn)是一個(gè)國家和民族身份的象征,也是一國傳承其文化和傳統(tǒng)的重要途徑。然而,幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,大量的文化財(cái)產(chǎn)因戰(zhàn)爭、殖民、非法運(yùn)輸?shù)韧緩蕉魍鲇谠鶎賴?對于文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的保護(hù)也逐漸引起各國的重視。據(jù)我國文物學(xué)會統(tǒng)計(jì),中國文物流失驚人,數(shù)以百萬計(jì),精品達(dá)幾十萬件,涉及數(shù)十個(gè)國家和地區(qū)。其中一部分是戰(zhàn)爭期間被劫掠的,其余很大一部分是近年來非法走私而流失海外的。為更好的保護(hù)流失海外的文化財(cái)產(chǎn),我國加入或批準(zhǔn)了一些有關(guān)文化財(cái)產(chǎn)返還的國際公約,并且根據(jù)自身的實(shí)際情況頒布和修訂了相關(guān)國內(nèi)立法,基本確立了文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)和返還的基本法律框架。 近年來,隨著聯(lián)合國教科文組織1970年的《關(guān)于禁止和防止非法進(jìn)出口文化財(cái)產(chǎn)和非法轉(zhuǎn)讓其所有權(quán)的方法的公約》被越來越多的國家接受,國際上逐漸興起了向文化財(cái)產(chǎn)所在國法院起訴,并要求有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)或個(gè)人將經(jīng)非法流轉(zhuǎn)至法院地國的文化財(cái)產(chǎn)返還其來源國或所有國的訴訟風(fēng)潮。不久前,我國一些民間機(jī)構(gòu)和個(gè)人也曾遠(yuǎn)赴法國法院起訴試圖追討該文物,引起了廣泛關(guān)注。 無論是在現(xiàn)有的國際公約機(jī)制下的保護(hù)和返還,還是司法途徑的追回,或者是民間自發(fā)追討流失海外的文化財(cái)產(chǎn),我們不得不承認(rèn),每種途徑或方式都帶有與生俱來的缺陷。盡管國際社會已經(jīng)努力建立了保護(hù)和返還文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的國際公約機(jī)制,但是由于國際公約本身的特點(diǎn),國際公約機(jī)制對文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的保護(hù)并不十分充分。因此,將國際公約國內(nèi)化,即通過制定或修訂國內(nèi)法來實(shí)施國際公約,就成為很多國家的必然選擇。此外,文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的保護(hù)和返還又涉及到私法上的問題,因?yàn)閲易鳛樗袡?quán)人,追討的途徑除外交途徑之外,還有訴訟途徑,而訴訟途徑就必然會涉及法律適用的問題。 因此,本文不僅介紹和分析了當(dāng)前文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)和返還的國際公約機(jī)制,而且也闡述了其中所涉及的法律適用問題。本文第一章簡要介紹了文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)和返還的基本理論,簡要介紹了保護(hù)文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的歷史背景和文化財(cái)產(chǎn)返還的基本情況,并介紹了文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)和返還的理論依據(jù)和幾個(gè)主要的國際公約。與此同時(shí),還闡述了文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)和返還的基本法律關(guān)系,理清了各方在文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)和返還中的角色和地位。第二章對主要國際公約機(jī)制進(jìn)行了介紹,分別從文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的含義、公約的適用范圍、公約的文化財(cái)產(chǎn)返還制度、文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的爭議解決和公約的特別制度等五個(gè)方面逐一闡述了三個(gè)主要國際公約的基本內(nèi)容,從而建立了文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)與返還的基本框架。第三章介紹了返還財(cái)產(chǎn)的國際公約,主要是1970年UNESCO公約在與文化財(cái)產(chǎn)有關(guān)的主要國家的實(shí)施,包括美國、英國、日本和瑞士,并對其所涉及的法律問題進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的評述和探討。第四章在前面敘述和討論的基礎(chǔ)上,簡要分析了三個(gè)國際公約所面臨的問題。最后,第五章介紹和分析了我國現(xiàn)行的國內(nèi)立法,闡述了我國保護(hù)文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的基本法律框架,并對跨境追索我國流失的文化財(cái)產(chǎn)提出了些許建議。
[Abstract]:Cultural property is a symbol of national and national identity. It is also an important way for a country to inherit its culture and tradition. However, for centuries, a large number of cultural property is exiled from the original state because of war, colonization and illegal transportation. The protection of cultural property has gradually aroused the attention of all countries. According to the Chinese Cultural Heritage Society Statistics show that there are millions of Chinese cultural relics, hundreds of thousands of products, hundreds of thousands of products, involving dozens of countries and regions. Some of them were robbed during the war, and the other large parts were lost abroad in recent years. In order to better protect the loss of overseas cultural property, China has joined or approved some related cultural wealth. The international conventions to return and return, and according to their own actual conditions, have promulgated and revised the relevant domestic legislation, and have basically established the basic legal framework for the protection and return of cultural property.
In recent years, as the UNESCO Convention on the prohibition and prevention of the illegal import, export and export of cultural property and the illegal transfer of its ownership is accepted by more and more countries in recent years, the international rise of a prosecution in the courts of the host country of cultural property and the request for the illegal circulation to the court will be required. The cultural property of the country has returned to the state of litigation in its country of origin or in all countries. Some folk institutions and individuals in our country have not long gone to the French courts to prosecute and try to recover the cultural relics, which has attracted wide attention.
Whether it is the protection and return of the existing international convention mechanism, or the recovery of the judicial path, or the spontaneous pursuit of the loss of cultural property from overseas, we have to admit that every way or way has its inherent defects. Although the international community has worked hard to establish an international convention for the protection and return of cultural property. However, because of the characteristics of the International Convention itself, the protection of cultural property is not fully protected by the international convention mechanism. Therefore, it is an inevitable choice for many countries to take the international convention into the International Convention by making or revising the domestic law. In addition, the protection and return of the cultural property involves the problems of private law. Because the state, as the owner of the property, has the way of recourse in addition to diplomatic means, there are also ways of litigation, and the way of litigation will inevitably involve the application of law.
Therefore, this article not only introduces and analyzes the international convention mechanism of the protection and return of cultural property, but also expounds the application of the law. The first chapter briefly introduces the basic theory of the protection and return of cultural property, briefly introduces the historical background of the protection of cultural property and the basic of the return of cultural property. It also introduces the theoretical basis for the protection and return of cultural property and several major international conventions. At the same time, it also expounds the basic legal relations of the protection and return of cultural property, and clarifies the role and status of all parties in the protection and return of cultural property. The second chapter introduces the main international convention mechanism, respectively. The meaning of the chemical property, the scope of the application of the Convention, the reversion of the cultural property of the Convention, the dispute settlement of the cultural property and the special system of the Convention, the basic contents of the three main international conventions are expounded one by one, and the basic framework for the protection and return of cultural property is established. The third chapter introduces the International Convention on the return of property. Mainly the implementation of the 1970 UNESCO convention in the main countries related to cultural property, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Switzerland, and the relevant comments and discussions on the legal issues involved. The fourth chapter briefly analyses the problems faced by the three international conventions on the basis of the previous narration and discussion. Finally, the fifth chapter This paper analyzes and analyzes the current domestic legislation in China, expounds the basic legal framework for the protection of cultural property in China, and puts forward some suggestions on the cross border recourse to the loss of cultural property in our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D997
本文編號：2161000
[Abstract]:Cultural property is a symbol of national and national identity. It is also an important way for a country to inherit its culture and tradition. However, for centuries, a large number of cultural property is exiled from the original state because of war, colonization and illegal transportation. The protection of cultural property has gradually aroused the attention of all countries. According to the Chinese Cultural Heritage Society Statistics show that there are millions of Chinese cultural relics, hundreds of thousands of products, hundreds of thousands of products, involving dozens of countries and regions. Some of them were robbed during the war, and the other large parts were lost abroad in recent years. In order to better protect the loss of overseas cultural property, China has joined or approved some related cultural wealth. The international conventions to return and return, and according to their own actual conditions, have promulgated and revised the relevant domestic legislation, and have basically established the basic legal framework for the protection and return of cultural property.
In recent years, as the UNESCO Convention on the prohibition and prevention of the illegal import, export and export of cultural property and the illegal transfer of its ownership is accepted by more and more countries in recent years, the international rise of a prosecution in the courts of the host country of cultural property and the request for the illegal circulation to the court will be required. The cultural property of the country has returned to the state of litigation in its country of origin or in all countries. Some folk institutions and individuals in our country have not long gone to the French courts to prosecute and try to recover the cultural relics, which has attracted wide attention.
Whether it is the protection and return of the existing international convention mechanism, or the recovery of the judicial path, or the spontaneous pursuit of the loss of cultural property from overseas, we have to admit that every way or way has its inherent defects. Although the international community has worked hard to establish an international convention for the protection and return of cultural property. However, because of the characteristics of the International Convention itself, the protection of cultural property is not fully protected by the international convention mechanism. Therefore, it is an inevitable choice for many countries to take the international convention into the International Convention by making or revising the domestic law. In addition, the protection and return of the cultural property involves the problems of private law. Because the state, as the owner of the property, has the way of recourse in addition to diplomatic means, there are also ways of litigation, and the way of litigation will inevitably involve the application of law.
Therefore, this article not only introduces and analyzes the international convention mechanism of the protection and return of cultural property, but also expounds the application of the law. The first chapter briefly introduces the basic theory of the protection and return of cultural property, briefly introduces the historical background of the protection of cultural property and the basic of the return of cultural property. It also introduces the theoretical basis for the protection and return of cultural property and several major international conventions. At the same time, it also expounds the basic legal relations of the protection and return of cultural property, and clarifies the role and status of all parties in the protection and return of cultural property. The second chapter introduces the main international convention mechanism, respectively. The meaning of the chemical property, the scope of the application of the Convention, the reversion of the cultural property of the Convention, the dispute settlement of the cultural property and the special system of the Convention, the basic contents of the three main international conventions are expounded one by one, and the basic framework for the protection and return of cultural property is established. The third chapter introduces the International Convention on the return of property. Mainly the implementation of the 1970 UNESCO convention in the main countries related to cultural property, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Switzerland, and the relevant comments and discussions on the legal issues involved. The fourth chapter briefly analyses the problems faced by the three international conventions on the basis of the previous narration and discussion. Finally, the fifth chapter This paper analyzes and analyzes the current domestic legislation in China, expounds the basic legal framework for the protection of cultural property in China, and puts forward some suggestions on the cross border recourse to the loss of cultural property in our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D997
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