鏡像規(guī)則及其突破
本文選題:鏡像規(guī)則 + 格式之爭(zhēng) ; 參考:《西南政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文
【摘要】:鏡像規(guī)則是普通法上的一項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)規(guī)則。依此規(guī)則,一個(gè)有效的承諾只能像鏡子一樣原班照出要約之內(nèi)容,而不能與其有絲毫之不一致。作為普通法上的傳統(tǒng)規(guī)則,鏡像規(guī)則在合同案件中的運(yùn)用由來(lái)已久,發(fā)揮了重要的作用。然而,現(xiàn)代合同法的社會(huì)背景已經(jīng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。在現(xiàn)代商業(yè)活動(dòng)中,格式合同備受青睞,得到了廣泛運(yùn)用。面對(duì)格式合同,尤其是對(duì)于商人間通過(guò)文件往來(lái)而進(jìn)行的大規(guī)模交易,“鏡像規(guī)則”日益顯示出其弊端,不再適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代合同法之發(fā)展和要求。面臨如此窘境,“最后一槍規(guī)則”應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。然而,“最后一槍規(guī)則”并未突破“鏡像規(guī)則”,仍舊是一種原始的解決方案。雖然在“最后一槍規(guī)則”之下,合同成立了,但仍然存在諸多問(wèn)題!扮R像規(guī)則”和“最后一槍規(guī)則”都不能夠滿足現(xiàn)代背景下合同法律制度的需要,突破勢(shì)在必行。 《統(tǒng)一商法典》(UCC)首先在立法上作出了突破,其第2-207條就極大地突破了傳統(tǒng)的“鏡像規(guī)則”。UCC第2-207條的規(guī)定幾經(jīng)變遷。本文選取最廣為引用的原UCC的第2-207條,引起我國(guó)學(xué)者關(guān)注的UCC第2-207條1993年修正案,以及2003年買賣篇重大修正后的現(xiàn)行版本進(jìn)行了評(píng)述。 德國(guó)和英國(guó)則在判例中逐漸突破鏡像規(guī)則。德國(guó)聯(lián)邦法院的早期判決中都采用最后一槍規(guī)則解決格式條款的沖突問(wèn)題。但這一傳統(tǒng)解決方案在判例中逐漸被動(dòng)搖,形成了“相互擊倒規(guī)則”。英國(guó)至今仍鐘情于“最后一槍規(guī)則”,但是英國(guó)法院也并非一味僵化地適用“最后一槍規(guī)則”,而是在實(shí)踐中有所變通來(lái)追求正義與衡平。丹寧勛爵也曾在判例中提出新的理論。 在國(guó)際統(tǒng)一立法方面,國(guó)際組織也積極制定國(guó)際統(tǒng)一法律文件,以期為國(guó)際貿(mào)易糾紛提供法律解決途徑。合同法上的國(guó)際統(tǒng)一法律文件主要代表為《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》(簡(jiǎn)稱CISG)、《國(guó)際商事合同通則》(簡(jiǎn)稱PICC)和《歐洲合同法原則》(簡(jiǎn)稱PECL)。其中,筆者以CISG為重,分析了此三法律文件對(duì)“鏡像規(guī)則”的突破。 1999年,我國(guó)《合同法》頒布實(shí)施,參照CISG對(duì)要約承諾規(guī)則作出了規(guī)定。2009,《最高人民法院關(guān)于適用〈中華人民共和國(guó)合同法〉若干問(wèn)題的解釋(二)》(簡(jiǎn)稱《司法解釋二》)由開始實(shí)施,其開篇第一條就對(duì)合同的成立進(jìn)行了規(guī)定。與《合同法》相比,《司法解釋二》對(duì)合同成立的認(rèn)定更為寬松,與“鏡像規(guī)則”相比,更適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和大批量生產(chǎn)交易。但是,這種新的思路和方法僅以“司法解釋”的方式做出籠統(tǒng)規(guī)定,缺乏具體操作中的細(xì)致規(guī)定,不夠完善。對(duì)此,筆者提出了三項(xiàng)完善建議。
[Abstract]:Mirror rule is a traditional rule in common law. According to this rule, a valid undertaking can only mirror the contents of the offer and not be inconsistent with it. As a traditional rule of common law, mirror rule has been used in contract cases for a long time and played an important role. However, the social background of modern contract law has changed dramatically. In modern commercial activities, format contracts are favored and widely used. In the face of the format contract, especially the large-scale transaction between merchants through the document exchange, the Mirror Rule increasingly shows its disadvantages and no longer adapt to the development and requirements of the modern contract law. Faced with such a dilemma, the "last shot rule" came into being. However, the last shot rule does not break through the mirror rule, it is still an original solution. Although under the last shot rule, the contract was established, but there are still many problems. "Mirror Rule" and "Last shot Rule" can not meet the needs of the legal system of contract under the modern background, so it is imperative to break through. The uniform Commercial Code (UCC) first made a breakthrough in legislation, and its articles 2-207 greatly broke through the provisions of the traditional "mirroring rules" .UCC articles 2-207 have changed several times. In this paper, the most widely cited articles 2-207 of the original UCC, the 1993 Amendment of Article 2-207 of UCC, which has aroused the attention of Chinese scholars, and the current edition of the major amendment in 2003 are reviewed. Germany and Britain have gradually broken through the mirror rule in their jurisprudence. The German Federal Court used the last gun rule in its earlier decisions to resolve the conflict of form clauses. But this traditional solution was gradually shaken in jurisprudence, forming the "knock-down rule". Britain is still in love with the "last shot rule", but the British courts do not blindly apply the "last shot rule", but in practice to pursue justice and balance. Lord tannin has also put forward new theories in his jurisprudence. In the aspect of international uniform legislation, international organizations also actively formulate international uniform legal documents in order to provide a legal solution to international trade disputes. The international uniform legal documents in the contract law are mainly represented by the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of goods (CISGN), the principles of International Commercial contracts (PICC) and the principles of European contract Law (PECL). Among them, the author takes CISG as the most important, and analyzes the breakthrough of these three legal documents to the mirroring rule. In 1999, China's contract Law was promulgated and implemented. Referring to the rules of acceptance of offer made by CISG, the interpretation of the Supreme people's Court on the application of contract Law of the people's Republic of China (II) > (referred to as Judicial interpretation II) has been implemented from the beginning. The first article of its opening provides for the establishment of the contract. Compared with contract Law, Judicial interpretation II is more lenient in the recognition of contract formation and more suitable for modern scale economy and mass production transaction than "mirror rule". However, this new way of thinking and method only "judicial interpretation" to make general provisions, the lack of detailed provisions in the specific operation, not perfect. To this, the author puts forward three consummation suggestions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2011
【分類號(hào)】:D997.1;D923.6
【相似文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條
1 張靖;;英國(guó)冷卻期制度的立法探究及啟示[J];長(zhǎng)沙理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2011年03期
2 孫海濤;;淺析懸賞廣告的法律性質(zhì)[J];法制與經(jīng)濟(jì)(中旬刊);2011年06期
3 程慶水;李青;;淺論電子商務(wù)合同的訂立及其法律效力[J];特區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì);2011年08期
4 ;[J];;年期
5 ;[J];;年期
6 ;[J];;年期
7 ;[J];;年期
8 ;[J];;年期
9 ;[J];;年期
10 ;[J];;年期
相關(guān)會(huì)議論文 前5條
1 陳勝藍(lán);;商事合同確認(rèn)書規(guī)則初探[A];中國(guó)商法年刊(2007):和諧社會(huì)構(gòu)建中的商法建設(shè)[C];2007年
2 呂來(lái)明;郝春崢;;商事合同制度適用初探——兼談“商事通則”中商行為一般規(guī)則的建立[A];中國(guó)商法年刊(2007):和諧社會(huì)構(gòu)建中的商法建設(shè)[C];2007年
3 楊紅菊;;關(guān)于許諾銷售[A];專利法研究(1999)[C];1999年
4 張佩鈺;田松;;淺談電子商務(wù)合同的相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題[A];當(dāng)代法學(xué)論壇(二○一○年第2輯)[C];2010年
5 楊志利;;違約救濟(jì)的效率性研究:一個(gè)綜述[A];2008年度(第六屆)中國(guó)法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)論壇論文集(下)[C];2008年
相關(guān)重要報(bào)紙文章 前10條
1 楊光山西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué);EDI合同成立中的法律問(wèn)題分析[N];山西經(jīng)濟(jì)日?qǐng)?bào);2009年
2 宋若臣;非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更有條件接受的默認(rèn)[N];中國(guó)貿(mào)易報(bào);2000年
3 山西省太原市中級(jí)人民法院 楊效熙;實(shí)質(zhì)性變更要約未被接受則合同不成立[N];人民法院報(bào);2007年
4 主持人:擊水律師事務(wù)所 林晶;入讀高校后被退檔校方被判賠償[N];天津教育報(bào);2009年
5 楊洪逵;要約承諾后 要約人須履行義務(wù)[N];人民法院報(bào);2001年
6 楊學(xué)友;網(wǎng)店隨意撤單,法律不會(huì)坐視不管[N];檢察日?qǐng)?bào);2011年
7 記者 李瑞鵬;天奇股份實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)[N];證券時(shí)報(bào);2005年
8 劉宏明;訂立合同的一般程序及相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題[N];中國(guó)綠色時(shí)報(bào);2003年
9 祝倩懿;保險(xiǎn)公司是否有權(quán)收取工本費(fèi)[N];中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)報(bào);2004年
10 王葆柯;作者與出版社的退稿之困[N];中國(guó)新聞出版報(bào);2010年
相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 苗華;中國(guó)上市公司收購(gòu)的證券監(jiān)管研究[D];對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué);2007年
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前10條
1 郭艷彬;鏡像規(guī)則及其突破[D];西南政法大學(xué);2011年
2 齊曉霞;《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》關(guān)于要約構(gòu)成條件的研究[D];暨南大學(xué);2011年
3 付愛云;論要約[D];黑龍江大學(xué);2010年
4 彭洪慶;試論要約的不可撤銷性[D];華東政法大學(xué);2012年
5 張靜;論格式之戰(zhàn)[D];西南政法大學(xué);2010年
6 郭翔峰;中斷磋商責(zé)任研究[D];西南政法大學(xué);2011年
7 孫玲慧;電子合同中要約與要約邀請(qǐng)的區(qū)分規(guī)則[D];華東政法大學(xué);2011年
8 栗志;論B2C模式下電子合同訂立中的法律問(wèn)題[D];中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院;2012年
9 陳川;《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》中附條件承諾制度的研究[D];暨南大學(xué);2011年
10 魏武;要約終止情形研究[D];外交學(xué)院;2002年
,本文編號(hào):1924140
本文鏈接:http://sikaile.net/falvlunwen/guojifa/1924140.html