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論遺傳生物資源及其相關傳統(tǒng)知識的保護

發(fā)布時間:2018-04-11 15:50

  本文選題:生物多樣性公約 + 名古屋議定書; 參考:《華東政法大學》2012年碩士論文


【摘要】:傳統(tǒng)知識作為人類重要的智力成果,蘊藏著巨大的文化價值和經濟價值。隨著生物技術的高度發(fā)展,對于遺傳生物資源及相關傳統(tǒng)知識的開發(fā)利用也達到了一個空前的高度。但是實踐中“生物剽竊”現象也日趨嚴重,發(fā)達國家及其跨國企業(yè)利用利其優(yōu)勢的生物技術,無償獲取或以低于正常合理轉讓價值的方式把從發(fā)展中國家獲得的遺傳資源及相關傳統(tǒng)知識研發(fā)成具有高度經濟價值的專利產品,獨享開發(fā)利用所得惠益,造成了遺傳生物資源及其傳統(tǒng)知識的擁有者、土著和地方社區(qū)的合法權益受到了嚴重的損害,生物資源大量流失。在國際立法保護的中,以《TRIPS協(xié)議》為首的現代知識產權制度,由于私權理論無法對傳統(tǒng)知識進行全面保護,反而成為生物剽竊的“幫兇”,反觀《生物多樣性公約》,率先確立的事先知情同意原則和共同商定條件,利益分享原則,,為傳統(tǒng)知識保護構建了一個獲取與惠益共享的機制。 本文第一章對于傳統(tǒng)知識的概念、特征做了梳理,分別介紹了《生物多樣性公約》、WIPO、WTO等公約和國際組織對于傳統(tǒng)知識的界定。分析了傳統(tǒng)知識相對于現代知識獨有的特征。 論文第二章從立法層面和實踐層面介紹了對傳統(tǒng)知識的保護現狀。評價了WIPO、WTO以及其他組織對于傳統(tǒng)知識保護的不足。指出實踐中存在著大量“生物剽竊”現象,從根源上堵截該現象必須以《生物多樣性公約》為切入口,協(xié)調《公約》和《TRIPS協(xié)議》之間的緊張關系。 論文第三部分主要介紹了《生物多樣性公約》對傳統(tǒng)知識保護的傳承和新發(fā)展!渡锒鄻有怨s》創(chuàng)立了遺傳生物資源及其相關傳統(tǒng)知識的獲取與惠益共享機制,確立了事先知情同意原則和利益分享原則。其最新達成的《名古屋議定書》進一步充實和強化了原有的獲取和惠益共享機制,更細化了國際社會統(tǒng)一的實施標準,為傳統(tǒng)知識的保護帶來了新的發(fā)展。 論文的最后一個部分側重討論為滿足對傳統(tǒng)知識保護的需要,建議修改《TRIPS協(xié)議》的必要性和可行性。并在吸收和借鑒《公約》和《議定書》基礎上,提出了修改內容的合理化建議。協(xié)調《生物多樣性公約》和《TRIPS協(xié)議》,對傳統(tǒng)知識注重防御性保護,在專利申請階段確保事先知情同意原則和共同商定條件的落實,在專利申請中披露遺傳資源和相關傳統(tǒng)知識的來源,在專利授予階段履行《生物多樣性公約》利益公平分享原則,形成一個完整的保護整體,提升對傳統(tǒng)知識的保護水平。
[Abstract]:As an important intellectual achievement of human beings, traditional knowledge contains enormous cultural and economic value.With the development of biotechnology, the development and utilization of genetic biological resources and related traditional knowledge have reached an unprecedented height.However, in practice, the phenomenon of "biological plagiarism" is also becoming more and more serious. Developed countries and their multinationals take advantage of the advantages of biotechnology.Acquiring or developing, on a non-reimbursable basis or in a manner below the normal and reasonable transfer value, genetic resources and related traditional knowledge obtained from developing countries into patented products of high economic value and benefiting exclusively from exploitation and utilization,This has caused serious damage to the legitimate rights and interests of the owners of genetic biological resources and their traditional knowledge, indigenous and local communities, and the massive loss of biological resources.In the protection of international legislation, the modern intellectual property system, headed by the "TRIPS Agreement", has become an accomplice in biological plagiarism because the private right theory is unable to fully protect traditional knowledge.In contrast, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the principle of prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions, and the principle of benefit-sharing, have established a mechanism of access and benefit-sharing for the protection of traditional knowledge.In the first chapter of this paper, the concept and characteristics of traditional knowledge are combed, and the definition of traditional knowledge is introduced, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and other conventions such as WTO, and the definition of traditional knowledge by international organizations.The unique characteristics of traditional knowledge relative to modern knowledge are analyzed.The second chapter introduces the current situation of the protection of traditional knowledge from the aspect of legislation and practice.The shortcomings of WTO and other organizations in the protection of traditional knowledge are evaluated.The third part of the paper mainly introduces the heritage and new development of the Convention on Biological Diversity on the protection of traditional knowledge. The Convention on Biological Diversity establishes the mechanism of access and benefit-sharing of genetic biological resources and their related traditional knowledge.The principle of prior informed consent and the principle of benefit sharing have been established.Its latest Nagoya Protocol further enriches and strengthens the existing mechanism of access and benefit-sharing, further refines the unified implementation standards of the international community, and brings new development to the protection of traditional knowledge.The last part of the paper focuses on the necessity and feasibility of modifying TRIPS Protocol to meet the need of protecting traditional knowledge.On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from the Convention and Protocol, the paper puts forward some reasonable suggestions for revising the contents.Coordinating the Convention on Biological Diversity and the TRIPS Agreement, focusing on defensive protection of traditional knowledge and ensuring the implementation of the principle of prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions at the patent application stage,To disclose the sources of genetic resources and related traditional knowledge in patent application, to fulfill the principle of fair sharing of benefits under the Convention on Biological Diversity during the patent granting stage, to form a complete whole of protection and to enhance the level of protection of traditional knowledge.
【學位授予單位】:華東政法大學
【學位級別】:碩士
【學位授予年份】:2012
【分類號】:D997.1

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