發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-10 12:28

  本文選題：損害賠償　切入點(diǎn)：宣告合同無效　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》(以下簡稱“公約”)是人類歷史上第一次在世界范圍內(nèi)所確立的為不同國家所共同承認(rèn)的、統(tǒng)一的國際貨物貿(mào)易實(shí)體法規(guī)范。公約的一項(xiàng)重大成就是確立了違約損害賠償制度,而損害賠償?shù)挠?jì)算則可視為這一制度的核心。公約用一個(gè)獨(dú)立的章節(jié)共四個(gè)條文(74條至77條)對(duì)損害賠償進(jìn)行了規(guī)定。 公約雖然規(guī)定了較為合理完整的損害賠償制度,但國際商事合同違約損害賠償涉及到公平、道德、商業(yè)交易的效益等諸多問題,在理論和實(shí)踐中極為復(fù)雜,特別是對(duì)于哪些損失是可以獲得補(bǔ)償以及損失的計(jì)算問題,還有針對(duì)時(shí)價(jià)以及替代交易價(jià)格的計(jì)算問題等方面尤為復(fù)雜。因此,本文主要是以公約的規(guī)定(74至77條)為基礎(chǔ),并結(jié)合其他條文,從整體和部分兩個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的角度來剖析損害賠償?shù)挠?jì)算辦法,將公約關(guān)于損害賠償?shù)挠?jì)算分為兩種情形,一種是一般情形下的損害賠償計(jì)算規(guī)則,在這一情形下,當(dāng)事人是按照公約第74條所暗含的完全賠償原則請(qǐng)求損害賠償,但要受可預(yù)見性原則及減損規(guī)則的約束和限制。根據(jù)完全賠償原則,受損害方有權(quán)獲得的損害賠償為包括利潤在內(nèi)的全部損失,但并未明確哪些類型的損失是可以獲得賠償?shù)?據(jù)此,本文結(jié)合貿(mào)易實(shí)踐做法及相關(guān)判例,將受損害方通常情形下可以主張賠償?shù)膿p失類型歸納為九種；另一種則是特殊情形下的損害賠償計(jì)算,即宣告合同無效后的損害賠償計(jì)算。根據(jù)公約的規(guī)定,宣告合同無效后的損害賠償計(jì)算方法有兩個(gè)：個(gè)是受損害方在完成了替代交易情況下的計(jì)算方法,此時(shí)受損害方可以獲得替代交易價(jià)格與合同價(jià)格之間的差額賠償；另一個(gè)是不存在替代交易情況下的計(jì)算方法,此時(shí)受損害方可以獲得時(shí)價(jià)與合同價(jià)格之間的差額賠償。然而公約對(duì)替代交易及時(shí)價(jià)等問題規(guī)定的不夠明確,為此本文對(duì)替代交易的適用條件及時(shí)價(jià)的確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作了詳細(xì)的論述。同時(shí),本文也將從各個(gè)主要貿(mào)易國家對(duì)損害賠償?shù)南嚓P(guān)規(guī)定及實(shí)踐做法入手,采取比較分析的方法,并結(jié)合公約的規(guī)定,從而幫助不同國家的合同當(dāng)事人在締約前能了解各國相關(guān)法律的不同規(guī)定,從而選擇更為有利的解決合同糾紛的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法；另外本文也從局部入手,以損害賠償計(jì)算中具有爭議性的問題并結(jié)合相關(guān)案例展開具體研究,從中梳理出較為合理的計(jì)算方法；最后,筆者根據(jù)前述分析,建議當(dāng)事人在訂立國際貨物銷售合同時(shí),最好能在合同中約定損害賠償?shù)挠?jì)算方法,并作為合同條款之一予以遵守,即使發(fā)生糾紛,當(dāng)事人也可以援引合同約定要求違約方承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任或請(qǐng)求法院或仲裁庭予以認(rèn)定,因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)意思自治原則,當(dāng)事人的約定是優(yōu)先的,且可以排除公約的適用。
[Abstract]:The United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of goods (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention") is the first time in the history of mankind that the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of goods is recognized by different countries for the first time in the world. Uniform substantive law on international trade in goods. One of the major achievements of the Convention is the establishment of the system of compensation for damages for breach of contract, The calculation of damages may be regarded as the core of the system. The Convention provides for damages in a separate section of four articles (74 to 77). Although the Convention provides for a more reasonable and complete system of compensation for damages, the compensation for breach of contract in international commercial contracts involves many problems, such as fairness, morality, and the benefits of commercial transactions, which are extremely complex in theory and practice. In particular, the question of which losses can be compensated and the calculation of losses, as well as the calculation of current prices and alternative transaction prices, are particularly complex. Therefore, this paper is based mainly on articles 74 to 77 of the Convention. Combined with other articles, this paper analyzes the calculation method of damage compensation from the angle of whole and part, and divides the calculation of damage compensation into two cases, one is the rule of calculation of damages under general circumstances. In this case, the parties claim damages in accordance with the principle of full reparation implicit in article 74 of the Convention, subject to the principle of predictability and rules of derogation... in accordance with the principle of full reparation, The damages to which the aggrieved party is entitled are all losses, including profits, but it is not clear which types of losses can be compensated. The types of loss that the aggrieved party may normally claim compensation are grouped into nine types; the other is the calculation of damages under special circumstances, that is, the calculation of damages after the avoidance of the contract. In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, There are two methods to calculate the damage compensation after declaring the contract avoided: one is the calculation method of the aggrieved party in the case of the completion of the substitute transaction, at which time the injured party can obtain the compensation for the difference between the price of the substitute transaction and the price of the contract; The other is the method of calculation in the absence of alternative transactions, where the aggrieved party may receive compensation for the difference between the current price and the contract price. However, the provisions of the Convention on issues such as substitution transactions and current prices are not clear enough, Therefore, this paper makes a detailed discussion on the applicable conditions of alternative transactions and the criteria for determining the current price. At the same time, this paper will start with the relevant regulations and practices of the major trading countries on the compensation for damages, and adopt the method of comparative analysis. Combined with the provisions of the Convention, so as to help the parties to contract in different countries to understand the different provisions of the relevant laws before contracting, so as to choose a more favorable solution to contract disputes applicable law; in addition, this article also from the local point of view, Taking the controversial issues in the calculation of damages and combining with relevant cases to carry out concrete research, the author sorts out a more reasonable calculation method. Finally, according to the above analysis, the author suggests that the parties should conclude a contract for the sale of international goods. It is best to agree in the contract on the method of calculating the damages and to abide by them as one of the terms of the contract, even in the event of a dispute, The parties may also invoke the contractual agreement to hold the breaching party liable or request the court or arbitral tribunal to determine it, because according to the principle of autonomy of will, the agreement of the parties is preferred and the application of the convention can be excluded.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1;D997.1

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