本文關(guān)鍵詞： 跨國(guó)水域 環(huán)境侵權(quán) 國(guó)家責(zé)任 民事責(zé)任　出處：《遼寧大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：科技與環(huán)境似乎總是以一種矛盾的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代生活中,回首過(guò)去,科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步無(wú)疑給人類(lèi)生活帶來(lái)了巨大的便利,但是環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題卻隨之出現(xiàn)。我們不得不開(kāi)始反思,在過(guò)去的成就中,是否過(guò)多的以環(huán)境的犧牲作為了代價(jià)。隨著各國(guó)交往的日益頻繁,跨界環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題日益突出。而水作為生命之源,與人類(lèi)的生存和發(fā)展息息相關(guān),然而水資源的危機(jī)在全球的蔓延威脅著人類(lèi)的生存環(huán)境�？鐕�(guó)水域儲(chǔ)存了全球大量的淡水資源,與經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、國(guó)家安全和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定緊密相關(guān)。在當(dāng)前人類(lèi)面臨的環(huán)境危機(jī)中,跨國(guó)界的水域污染正呈現(xiàn)出日益嚴(yán)重和擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì)。例如1986年萊茵河污染事件、2000年多瑙河水污染事件以及2005年發(fā)生的中俄松花江流域水污染事故等,都是近年來(lái)跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染事件的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染侵權(quán)事件每天都在切實(shí)發(fā)生在全球各個(gè)地方,給世界各國(guó)造成了巨大的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和環(huán)境方面不可彌補(bǔ)的損失。人類(lèi)共同生活在一個(gè)自然環(huán)境中,國(guó)界可以劃分各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治的界限,但是無(wú)法將生活的環(huán)境完全隔絕開(kāi)來(lái)。特別是空氣、水這些自然元素的自由流動(dòng)使得世界環(huán)境成為一體,各國(guó)無(wú)法將一國(guó)環(huán)境的污染限制在領(lǐng)土范圍內(nèi),跨國(guó)環(huán)境損害事件的數(shù)量不斷增多,損害范圍也不斷擴(kuò)大,損害的結(jié)果往往也觸目驚心。水域作為世界環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要一環(huán),跨國(guó)水域的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題也愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重,早已不再是一國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)環(huán)境問(wèn)題僅僅是發(fā)生在一國(guó)境內(nèi)時(shí),各國(guó)都會(huì)通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)立法進(jìn)行調(diào)整,相關(guān)環(huán)境賠償與生態(tài)環(huán)境的恢復(fù)也會(huì)因?yàn)闆](méi)有國(guó)界的限制而更加有效率。然而如果一旦環(huán)境損害穿越國(guó)境,影響到其他國(guó)家,那么僅僅通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)立法加以規(guī)制便顯得力不從心了。而想要通過(guò)國(guó)際立法以解決跨越國(guó)界而產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境問(wèn)題十分困難,因此在國(guó)際實(shí)踐中采用司法途徑解決的案例極少,大多數(shù)爭(zhēng)議都是通過(guò)協(xié)商最終獲得雙方利益的妥協(xié)。但是,司法途徑卻是解決此類(lèi)糾紛,維護(hù)各國(guó)利益的最佳途徑,國(guó)際社會(huì)也不斷向著這個(gè)方向努力。目前,國(guó)際社會(huì)所公認(rèn)的跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染侵權(quán)責(zé)任主要有兩種,一種是以國(guó)家為主體所承擔(dān)的國(guó)家責(zé)任,另一種是以私人為主體,也就是經(jīng)營(yíng)者因?yàn)閺氖挛ｋU(xiǎn)活動(dòng)而造成跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的侵權(quán)損害責(zé)任。由國(guó)家作為跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染侵權(quán)責(zé)任的賠償主體能夠更好的對(duì)賠償責(zé)任進(jìn)行保障,但是由于跨國(guó)環(huán)境損害并不多為經(jīng)常性發(fā)生事件,同時(shí)其行為往往符合相關(guān)國(guó)際法的規(guī)定,不為國(guó)際法所禁止,因此,如果通過(guò)國(guó)際訴訟追究國(guó)家責(zé)任在實(shí)踐中往往受到各種阻礙,并不利于保護(hù)受損害地區(qū)人身及財(cái)產(chǎn)安全,同時(shí)不利于受損環(huán)境的恢復(fù)。盡管如此,跨界環(huán)境損害中受害方的利益仍然要得到保護(hù),而解決該問(wèn)題的辦法之一就是將目光轉(zhuǎn)向私主體,使之承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的民事責(zé)任。本文認(rèn)為,建立完善的跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染侵權(quán)責(zé)任制度不僅需要理論的不斷更新,更加需要的是其能夠在實(shí)踐中得到實(shí)現(xiàn),保證受害者獲得賠償?shù)男省，F(xiàn)行跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染侵權(quán)責(zé)任體系應(yīng)當(dāng)包括由國(guó)家承擔(dān)國(guó)際責(zé)任以及由私人主體承擔(dān)跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境侵權(quán)責(zé)任,他們分別構(gòu)成國(guó)際公法和國(guó)際私法上的跨界環(huán)境損害責(zé)任。而法律的完善與相應(yīng)賠償制度的建設(shè)是構(gòu)建跨國(guó)水域環(huán)境污染侵權(quán)責(zé)任體系所應(yīng)不斷努力的方向。
[Abstract]:Technology and the environment always seems to be in a contradictory attitude in modern life, in the past, the progress of science and technology is undoubtedly to human life has brought great convenience, but the environmental pollution problem has emerged. We have begun to reflect on the achievements of the past, whether too much to sacrifice the environment as the price as countries around the world. Exchanges become more frequent, the transboundary environmental pollution problems have become increasingly prominent. And the water as the source of life, and is closely related to human survival and development, but the water resource crisis in the global spread of the threat to the survival of the human environment. The world's large number of international water storage and water resources, economy, society, closely related to stability national security and regions. In the current human environmental crisis, cross-border water pollution becomes increasingly serious and the trend of expansion. For example, the pollution of the the Rhine in 1986. In 2000, the pollution event occurred in 2005 and the Danube Russia Songhua River basin water pollution accidents, is a true portrayal of the transnational water pollution incidents in recent years. Transnational water pollution violations every day to occur in various parts of the world, causing enormous human body to all the countries, property and the environment can not make up for the loss. Living in a natural environment, can divide borders the country economy and politics, but can not be completely isolated from the living environment. Especially the free flow of air, water these natural elements makes the world environment as a whole, countries cannot be a country environmental pollution limits within the territory the number of cross-border environmental damage incidents, increasing the damage range is expanding, the damage is often shocking. Waters as the world environmental protection An important part of the environmental pollution problem of transnational waters is increasingly serious, is no longer the domestic problems of a country. Only when the environmental problems that occurred in the country, all countries will be adjusted through domestic legislation, related environmental damages and the restoration of the ecological environment will be because there is no national boundaries and more efficiency. But if environmental damage across borders, affect other countries, then only through domestic legislation to regulate will not be available. And want to through international legislation to solve ten difficult environmental problems generated across borders, so there is seldom a judicial way to solve the case used in the international practice, most disputes are through consensus ultimately compromise the interests of both sides. However, the judicial way is to resolve such disputes, the best way to safeguard the interests of all countries, the international community has been to this The direction of efforts. At present, there are two main types of transnational water pollution tort liability recognized by the international community, is a national responsibility subject take to the country, the other is a private body, that is because the operators tort to engage in dangerous activities caused by transnational water environmental pollution liability by the state. As a transnational water pollution tort liability subject of compensation can better guarantee the liability, but due to cross-border environmental damage is not much for recurring events, at the same time the provisions of behavior are often in line with relevant international law, is not prohibited by international law, therefore, if the international action to pursue national responsibility in practice often subject to various obstacles, is not conducive to protect the damaged area of personal and property safety, and is not conducive to the restoration of the damaged environment. Nevertheless, transboundary environmental damage In the interests of the injured party is still to be protected, one way of solving this problem is turning to the private subject, to bear corresponding civil liability. This paper argues that the establishment of cross-border water pollution tort liability system needs not only the theory of constantly updated, more is needed is to achieve in practice. Ensure the victims get compensation efficiency. The current international water pollution tort liability system should include by the state responsibility and liability by the private transnational waters of environmental tort, they were made public and private international transboundary environmental damage liability. And the construction of legal system and the corresponding compensation is to build international water environment pollution tort liability system should be continuous efforts in the direction.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D996.9

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