本文關(guān)鍵詞： 歷史性捕魚權(quán) 習(xí)慣國際法 國家實踐 《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》　出處：《上海海洋大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：海洋漁業(yè)是海洋利用的先導(dǎo)性產(chǎn)業(yè),是當(dāng)前和今后一個時期海洋生物資源開發(fā)利用的主要方式之一。漁業(yè)提供的海產(chǎn)食品是主要的食物和營養(yǎng)來源之一,在全球糧食安全方面發(fā)揮重要作用。漁業(yè)管轄制度深刻影響國際海洋法的演變。國際海洋法律制度的早期歷史就是圍繞沿海國具有專屬漁業(yè)管轄權(quán)的范圍展開的。1982年《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》(以下簡稱《公約》)簽署以來,世界各國普遍將海洋生物資源視為一種戰(zhàn)略資源,圍繞漁業(yè)資源的養(yǎng)護(hù)和利用展開激烈的競爭,使得這方面的國際規(guī)制仍然是國際海洋法發(fā)展最快、最為活躍的部分之一�！豆s》生效后,我國海洋漁業(yè)發(fā)展的國際和周邊形勢均發(fā)生重大變化�！豆s》確立了二百海里專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度,極大拓展了沿海國對包括漁業(yè)資源在內(nèi)的自然資源具有專屬管轄權(quán)的海域。全球海洋漁業(yè)捕撈量的95%來自沿海國的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū),因而此項制度深刻影響全球漁業(yè)資源的分配。歷史上經(jīng)過長期實踐形成的歷史性捕魚權(quán)受到深刻影響,甚至誘發(fā)國際漁業(yè)糾紛。學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)于歷史性捕魚權(quán)利(又稱傳統(tǒng)捕魚權(quán))的爭論一直存在。尤其是專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度實施后,甚至有學(xué)者認(rèn)為《公約》已經(jīng)“取代”甚至“否認(rèn)”了歷史性捕魚權(quán)的效力。但是,正是由于爭議的存在,對歷史性捕魚權(quán)問題在理論上進(jìn)行深入思考才更具意義。歷史性捕魚權(quán)對于我國具有重大現(xiàn)實意義。長期以來,我國漁民慣常于在東海、黃海和南海從事漁業(yè)捕撈活動。1997--2000年,我國先后與日本、韓國和越南分別簽署了新的雙邊漁業(yè)協(xié)定。這些按照專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度設(shè)計的漁業(yè)協(xié)定生效后,我國傳統(tǒng)漁場大幅縮減,近海漁場捕撈能力過剩與漁業(yè)資源衰退的矛盾進(jìn)一步激化。從更長遠(yuǎn)上看,二百海里專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度實施之后,我國與朝鮮、韓國、日本、菲律賓、印度尼西亞、馬來西亞和越南等國都存在海域劃界問題。由于我國漁民的一些傳統(tǒng)漁場位于朝鮮、韓國、日本、越南、菲律賓等國一側(cè),歷史性捕魚活動將不可避免的受到進(jìn)一步影響。分析傳統(tǒng)捕魚權(quán)的效力及其在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)中的地位,對于我國與周邊國家在漁業(yè)資源利用和海域劃界具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實意義。本項研究的理論和現(xiàn)實意義主要包括:首先,在法理上,本文的核心任務(wù)為探討歷史性捕魚權(quán)在《公約》主導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)代國際法海洋法體系下是否仍然具有法律效力。為此,需要回答兩個主要問題:第一,歷史性捕魚權(quán)是否滿足習(xí)慣國際法的國家實踐和法律確信這兩個法律要件;第二,歷史性捕魚權(quán)是否與《公約》所確立的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度相沖突。其次,在實踐意義方面,本項研究關(guān)注我國漁民在周邊海域具有的歷史性捕魚權(quán),致力于探討在《公約》框架下,歷史性捕魚權(quán)和專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度的協(xié)調(diào),以期公正合理利用漁業(yè)資源,減少周邊海域漁業(yè)糾紛。再次,學(xué)界對于歷史性捕魚權(quán)的國際法效力問題一直存在爭議。本項研究力圖全面梳理關(guān)于歷史性捕魚權(quán)的國家實踐,運用習(xí)慣國際法的有關(guān)理論,探討此項規(guī)則的習(xí)慣國際法地位,并在我國在南海斷續(xù)線內(nèi)捕魚權(quán)問題上提出新的觀點,希望有助于相關(guān)的討論。本文運用比較研究與系統(tǒng)研究相結(jié)合、理論與實踐相結(jié)合等方法,探索從習(xí)慣國際法或一般法律原則的角度論證歷史性捕魚權(quán)在國際法上是否有效,并明確其內(nèi)涵和構(gòu)成要件以及適用范圍。研究思路為系統(tǒng)梳理歷史性捕魚權(quán)的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),從有關(guān)公約、協(xié)定、沿海國的實踐、國際司法判例等領(lǐng)域分析傳統(tǒng)捕魚權(quán)的發(fā)展歷史,尤其是《公約》生效后歷史性捕魚權(quán)的效力和相關(guān)實踐。在沿海國對專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)的漁業(yè)資源進(jìn)行專屬管轄和海洋漁業(yè)資源可持續(xù)利用的國際背景下,本文嘗試做出如何維護(hù)進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)捕魚活動漁民利益的建議。本文主體內(nèi)容共分為八章。在第一章中探索歷史性捕魚權(quán)的產(chǎn)生及演變歷史脈絡(luò),揭示此項權(quán)利的產(chǎn)生根源和依據(jù)。第二章探討歷史性捕魚權(quán)與歷史性權(quán)利的關(guān)系。第三章討論《公約》與歷史性捕魚權(quán)的關(guān)系。第四章歷史性捕魚權(quán)的法律實踐,主要內(nèi)容為梳理并總結(jié)在新的海洋法體系下,有關(guān)歷史性捕魚權(quán)的國家實踐和國際司法實踐,為在后面章節(jié)中繼續(xù)探討歷史性捕魚權(quán)的國際法地位發(fā)揮基礎(chǔ)性作用。第五章習(xí)慣國際法的有關(guān)理論,重點討論習(xí)慣國際法規(guī)則構(gòu)成要件理論。第六章歷史性捕魚權(quán)的國際法效力,主要內(nèi)容為根據(jù)習(xí)慣國際法規(guī)則構(gòu)成要件理論,檢驗歷史性捕魚權(quán)是否具備國際習(xí)慣規(guī)則的效力,并探討此項權(quán)利作為習(xí)慣規(guī)則與作為條約法的《公約》之間的關(guān)系。第七章以黃海和南海為例,探討我國在周邊海域的歷史性捕魚活動。在以上研究的基礎(chǔ)上,提出幾項政策建議:加強(qiáng)政策扶持,保持我國歷史性漁業(yè)活動的連續(xù)性;加大協(xié)商力度,爭取盡可能多的入漁份額;加強(qiáng)學(xué)術(shù)研究,為打贏法理戰(zhàn)和輿論戰(zhàn)打下堅實基礎(chǔ)等。本文根據(jù)習(xí)慣國際法規(guī)則的兩個構(gòu)成要件:國家實踐和法律確信的要求,考察了歷史性捕魚權(quán)是否具備國際習(xí)慣的構(gòu)成要件,認(rèn)為歷史性捕魚權(quán)具有習(xí)慣國際法地位。歷史性捕魚權(quán)在20世紀(jì)60年代起即為多個國家廣泛應(yīng)用,至今仍在多個國家間存在,并且為國際司法機(jī)構(gòu)所認(rèn)同,主要表現(xiàn)為條約、國際法院的判決和國家立法等。開展這些實踐的國家大多通過具有法律拘束力的條約和國內(nèi)立法的形式來認(rèn)可歷史性捕魚權(quán),證明歷史性捕魚權(quán)的習(xí)慣國際法效力具備法律確信要件�？梢�,歷史性捕魚權(quán)仍具備國際習(xí)慣的構(gòu)成要件,是一項習(xí)慣國際法規(guī)則。就歷史性捕魚權(quán)與《公約》的關(guān)系而言,以《公約》為主要內(nèi)容的當(dāng)代國際海洋法并沒有否定歷史性捕魚權(quán)。從《公約》的有關(guān)規(guī)定可見,雖然《公約》沒有對歷史性捕魚權(quán)的地位作出明確規(guī)定,但意識到了傳統(tǒng)捕魚權(quán)的現(xiàn)實意義,在具體條款上對歷史性捕魚權(quán)在漁業(yè)資源利用和海域劃界中的作用都有所涉及�！豆s》的相關(guān)規(guī)定主要體現(xiàn)在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的剩余可捕量分配和領(lǐng)海及專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)劃界時包括歷史性捕魚權(quán)在內(nèi)的歷史性權(quán)利作為特殊/有關(guān)情況的效力。當(dāng)然,法律規(guī)則是在不斷發(fā)展變化的,在新的國際海洋法框架下,以及加強(qiáng)生物資源養(yǎng)護(hù)的大背景下,歷史性捕魚權(quán)的內(nèi)涵同樣發(fā)生了一些變化。這種變化主要體現(xiàn)在與專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度的協(xié)調(diào)上�？偟膩碚f,《公約》對歷史性權(quán)利采取了回避的態(tài)度,相關(guān)規(guī)定比較模糊�？梢哉f《公約》在歷史性權(quán)利方面的規(guī)定存在嚴(yán)重缺失�！豆s》未對歷史性捕魚權(quán)作出適當(dāng)?shù)�、明確的安排,未能妥善解決沿海國的漁業(yè)管轄權(quán)和資源利用國之間的利益沖突,是《公約》的一個遺憾,為后來國際漁業(yè)糾紛頻發(fā)埋下了一個隱患。歷史性權(quán)利是長期使用形成的客觀存在,涉及有關(guān)沿海國的利益和眾多漁民及其家庭的生計,不能輕易剝奪。結(jié)合歷史性捕魚權(quán)的習(xí)慣國際法效力、《公約》的有關(guān)規(guī)定、沿海國和國際司法機(jī)構(gòu)的實踐,本文認(rèn)為,歷史性捕魚權(quán)可作為專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度的重要補(bǔ)充,促進(jìn)漁業(yè)資源的公正合理分配。沿海國在分配其專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)的漁業(yè)資源時,尤其是在分配剩余可捕量時優(yōu)先考慮歷史性捕魚權(quán),優(yōu)先準(zhǔn)許國民慣常在其專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)捕魚的國家入漁。而且,歷史性捕魚活動應(yīng)在海域劃界中具有重要權(quán)重。
[Abstract]:Marine fishery is the leading marine industry, is one of the current and future periods of the development and utilization of marine biological resources. The main Fisheries seafood is the main source of food and nutrition, play an important role in the global food security. The fishery jurisdiction system deeply affect the evolution of early history of the international law of the sea. International marine legal system is on the scope of the exclusive jurisdiction over fisheries has launched.1982 "the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea on the coastal state (hereinafter referred to as the" Convention ") since the signing, countries of the world to marine resources as a strategic resource, the fishery resources conservation and utilization of fierce competition, the international regulation in this area is still the development of international law of the sea is the fastest, the most active part of the Convention". After the commencement of the development of China's marine fishery international and peripheral The situation was changed. The Convention has established the system of > two hundred nautical mile exclusive economic zone greatly expand the coastal states have exclusive jurisdiction on fishery resources including natural resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone fishing waters. 95% of the global ocean fishery from coastal States, so this system profoundly influence the allocation of global fishery resources. The history of the long-term practice of historical fishing rights had a profound influence, and even induce international fishery disputes. Academic circles about the historic fishing rights (also known as traditional fishing rights) there has been debate. Especially after the implementation of exclusive economic zone system, even some scholars believe that the "Convention" has "replaced" or even "denied" the historic fishing rights effect. However, it is because of dispute, deep reflection on historic fishing rights in theory is of great significance. Historic fishing rights Has great practical significance in our country. For a long time, Chinese fishermen used to in the East China Sea and South China Sea, the Yellow Sea is engaged in fishing activities in.1997--2000, China has with Japan, South Korea and Vietnam signed a new bilateral fisheries agreement. These design according to the EEZ fisheries agreement came into effect, China's traditional fishing grounds a substantial reduction in overcapacity contradiction offshore fishery and fishery resources decline intensified. From the longer term perspective, the system of two hundred mile exclusive economic zone after the implementation, China and North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam and other countries are maritime demarcation issues. Because of some traditional Chinese fishermen fishing grounds in North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, on one side of the country such as Philippines, historic fishing activities will inevitably be affected. Further analysis of the traditional fishing rights and the effectiveness of Its position in the exclusive economic zone, has very important practical significance for China and its neighboring countries in the utilization of fishery resources and maritime delimitation. The theoretical and practical significance of the research mainly includes: firstly, by law, the core task of this paper is to explore the system of modern international law, the law of the sea fishing rights in the history of leading < > under the Convention still has legal effect. Therefore, you need to answer two main questions: first, the historic fishing rights meets the customary international law and state practice law believe these two legal requirements; second, historic fishing rights and whether the Convention "established" exclusive economic zone system conflict. Secondly, in practice, this study focused on Chinese fishermen in the waters surrounding the historic fishing rights, is devoted to the discussion in "Convention" under the framework of historic fishing rights and exclusive economic zone system coordination, In order to fair and reasonable utilization of fishery resources, reduce fishery disputes surrounding waters. Thirdly, scholars of international law historic fishing rights validity issue has been controversial. This research tries to state practice comprehensively about historic fishing rights, by using the theory of customary international law, the status of customary international law on this rule, and put forward new ideas in China's fishing rights in the South China Sea in the intermittent line on the issue, hoping to contribute to the discussion. This paper uses comparative research and system research combining theory and practice, to explore from the customary international law or general principles of law of historic fishing rights in international law whether effective, and define the connotation and constituent elements and the scope of application. The research ideas for the development context combing the historic fishing rights, from the relevant conventions, agreements, the practice of coastal States, international The history of the traditional fishing rights and judicial precedents and other fields, especially the effect of historic fishing rights > < convention after the entry into force and related practice. The exclusive jurisdiction and the sustainable utilization of marine fishery resources in the international background of coastal fishery resources in the exclusive economic zone, this paper tries to make out how to maintain the traditional fishing activities the interests of fishermen's advice. The main content of this paper is divided into eight chapters. To explore the historic fishing rights in the generation and evolution of the historical context in the first chapter, the origin and basis to reveal this right. The second chapter discusses the historical relationship between fishing right and historic rights. The third chapter discusses the relationship between "Convention" and history fishing rights. The fourth chapter legal practice of historic fishing rights, the main content is combing and summarizing the law of the sea in the new system, the historic fishing rights of national practices and international judicial practice, To continue to explore the historic fishing rights in international law play a fundamental role in later chapters. The fifth chapter on the theory of customary international law, focuses on the rules of customary international law constitution theory of international law. The sixth chapter historic fishing rights, the main content is according to the rules of customary international law constitution theory, efficacy test historic fishing rights have customary international rules, and to discuss this right as customary rules and as the relationship between "Convention" treaty law. The seventh chapter in the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea as an example, discusses our country in the waters surrounding the historic fishing activities. Based on the above study, several policy suggestions are put forward to strengthen policy support, to maintain the continuity of historic fishing activities in China; to increase efforts to negotiate, for as much as possible into the fish share; strengthen academic research, to win the war and make legal warfare Solid foundation. According to the two elements of the rules of customary international law: state practice and legal certainty, examines the historic fishing rights have international custom elements that historic fishing rights has used the status of international law. Historic fishing is widely used in many countries is right in 1960s still, in many countries there, and to identify the international judicial institutions, mainly for the international treaty, the decision of the court and national legislation. These countries carry out practice mostly through treaties and domestic legislation in the form of legally binding to recognized historic fishing rights, that historic fishing customary international law the effectiveness of the right to have legal certainty elements. Visible, historic fishing rights still have international custom elements, is an international customary law. The historic fishing rights and the public " The relationship about >, contemporary international law of the sea in "Convention" as the main content does not deny the historic fishing rights. From the relevant provisions of the Convention > < < > visible, although the Convention does not make a historic fishing rights position clear, but aware of the traditional fishing rights and practical significance, in the specific provisions of the historic fishing rights in the delimitation and utilization of fishery resources and the role of sea has relevant provisions relating to the Convention. "Is mainly embodied in the exclusive economic zone of the remaining catch distribution and the territorial sea and the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone included historic fishing rights of historic rights as a special effect on / of course, the rule of law is constantly changing, in the international law of the sea under the new framework, and strengthen the conservation of the living resources of the background, connotation of historic fishing rights also changed. The main changes To reflect on the coordination and the system of exclusive economic zone. In general, "Convention" take an evasive attitude of historic rights, relevant provisions are vague. It can be said that the Convention in the history of < > rights provisions of the existence of serious deficiencies. Not on the Convention "historic fishing rights to make appropriate and clear arrangement, failed to properly resolve the coastal fisheries jurisdiction and resource utilization in the conflict between the interests, is a pity" Convention ", buried a hidden danger for the later international fishery disputes frequently. Historic rights exist long established, involving the coastal States and the interests of many fishermen and their families the living, can not be easily deprived. Combined with the historic fishing customary international law the legal effect of the relevant provisions of the Convention, < >, practice, coastal and international judicial institutions the historic fishing rights as the exclusive economic zone system An important supplement of, promote the rational allocation of fishery resources in the coastal state fair. The distribution of its EEZ fisheries resources, especially in the distribution of residual TACs gives priority to historic fishing rights, priority to allow national customary in its Exclusive Economic Zone fishing nation into fishing. Moreover, historic fishing activities should have an important weight in the sea.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D993.5

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本文編號：1554702