本文關(guān)鍵詞： TRIPS協(xié)議 藥品專利 發(fā)展中國家 公共健康　出處：《吉林大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：近年來，許多發(fā)展中國家（包括最不發(fā)達國家）面臨著如艾滋病、肺結(jié)核及瘧疾等傳染病所導(dǎo)致的嚴重公共健康危機，其中因?qū)＠戎R產(chǎn)權(quán)制度賦予權(quán)利人市場獨占權(quán)利導(dǎo)致藥價高昂，是影響藥品可得性的重要因素。 在TRIPS協(xié)議通過前，各國根據(jù)自身的歷史傳統(tǒng)、文化背景、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平等采取不同程度的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護。也沒有義務(wù)對藥品給予專利保護。世貿(mào)組織成立后，TRIPS協(xié)議一體適用于所有成員，設(shè)定最低保護標準，并且把藥品列為專利保護的對象，使得問題雪上加霜。考慮到公共利益及為防止專利權(quán)人權(quán)利濫用，TRIPS協(xié)議中也規(guī)定了一些涉及公共健康的彈性條款，然而在發(fā)展中國家根據(jù)TRIPS協(xié)議彈性條款維護其國家公共健康時，卻被一些跨國制藥企業(yè)及代表制藥企業(yè)利益的美國認為違反TRIPS協(xié)議的規(guī)定而提起訴訟，這在國際社會上引起強烈的關(guān)注，促使國際社會思考作為基本人權(quán)的健康權(quán)與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)之間的沖突與協(xié)調(diào)，隨后陸續(xù)通過了《多哈公共健康宣言》、《執(zhí)行多哈公共健康宣言第六段決議》，最后TRIPS協(xié)議第一個修正案出臺。 在結(jié)構(gòu)上，本文分為四大部分： 第一部分“TRIPS協(xié)議對發(fā)展中國家的影響”主要論述TRIPS協(xié)議中關(guān)涉公共健康的條款之具體規(guī)定。由于TRIPS協(xié)議體例上采取最低標準保護，除符合過渡期間規(guī)定的成員之外，成員加入WTO后，必須修訂其國內(nèi)法，給予或者加強藥品的專利保護，以符合TRIPS協(xié)議的要求。TRIPS協(xié)議中與公共健康有關(guān)規(guī)定，可以分為藥品專利的相關(guān)規(guī)定，及為防止權(quán)利濫用的彈性規(guī)定兩大部分。其中彈性規(guī)定對于發(fā)展中國家公共健康問題極其重要，在促進公共健康保護和藥品可得性方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。然后，，以“南非與制藥公司案”和“巴西艾滋病防治計劃案”為例論述TRIPS協(xié)議對發(fā)展中國家的影響，進而引發(fā)了WTO各成員對于TRIPS協(xié)議的思考與討論，先后通過了《多哈公共健康宣言》和《執(zhí)行多哈公共健康宣言第六段決議》，后來又通過了TRIPS協(xié)議第一個修正案。 第二部分討論了TRIPS協(xié)議的后續(xù)發(fā)展，包括多哈公共健康宣言、執(zhí)行多哈公共健康宣言第六段決議和TRIPS協(xié)議第三十一條修正案等。分析其產(chǎn)生背景、主要內(nèi)容及法律地位。為發(fā)展中國家維護公共健康指明了清晰的路徑。 第三部分探討在TRIPS彈性機制在發(fā)展中國家的具體實踐及檢討。因為TRIPS協(xié)議經(jīng)過檢討修正所得出的成果并不能自動在各成員國內(nèi)生效，所以需要各成員通過修訂國內(nèi)法來落實TRIPS協(xié)議彈性機制、《多哈公共健康宣言》及《執(zhí)行多哈公共健康宣言第六段決議》的內(nèi)容。在探討發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)對公共健康危機的舉措時，以泰國和贊比亞為例，這些國家通過修改本國法律，應(yīng)用專利強制許可制度保護本國藥品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，提高本國人民基本藥品可得性，維護本國公共健康；加拿大為落實執(zhí)行多哈公共健康宣言第六段決議，修改本國法律，向發(fā)展中國家出口治療艾滋病的藥物。可是就在這些具體應(yīng)用中，依然存在種種問題。運用上述成果來解決發(fā)展中國家公共健康問題依然任重道遠。 第四部分回歸我國，分析我國公共健康狀況，并通過考察TRIPS協(xié)議彈性機制在我國立法中的體現(xiàn)，分析我國應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對所面臨的公共健康危機，切實維護我國的公共健康，準確定位我國在發(fā)展中國家公共健康問題中所應(yīng)扮演的角色。
[Abstract]:In recent years, many developing countries (including LDCs) faces such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria and other infectious diseases caused by the serious public health crisis, which due to the system of intellectual property rights give people the right to market lead to costly, are important factors of drug effects.
Before the adoption of the TRIPS agreement, countries according to their own historical tradition, cultural background, economic development level of the intellectual property protection in different degree. No obligation to grant patent protection on drugs. After the establishment of the WTO, one of the TRIPS protocol applicable to all members, the low standard setting protection, and the drug as object of patent protection that makes the problem. One disaster after another considering public interests and to prevent the abuse of patent rights, TRIPS protocol also provides some related public health elastic terms, but in developing countries according to the TRIPS protocol to maintain the flexibility provisions of national public health, but some multinational pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical companies on behalf of the interests of the United States that violate the provisions of the TRIPS protocol and the lawsuit, which caused strong concern in the international community, the international community to promote consideration of health right as basic human rights The conflict and coordination between intellectual property rights and public security were followed by the declaration of public health in Doha. The sixth paragraph of the Doha public health declaration was implemented. Finally, the first amendment of the TRIPS agreement came out.
In structure, this article is divided into four parts:
Specific provisions concerning public health first "influence" TRIPS agreement on developing countries mainly discussed TRIPS in terms of the agreement. The TRIPS protocol style to take the lowest standards of protection, in accordance with the provisions of the members during the transition period, members must be revised after joining WTO, the domestic law, give or strengthen the pharmaceutical patent protection, requirements the.TRIPS protocol with TRIPS protocol and public health regulations, can be divided into the relevant provisions of the pharmaceutical patent, and to prevent the abuse of rights of the provisions of the two elastic parts. The elastic regulation is very important for developing countries to public health issues, which plays an important role in the promotion of public health protection and drug availability then, in South Africa and pharmaceutical company case "and" Brazil AIDS prevention plan "for example to discuss influence of TRIPS agreement on developing countries, and It triggered the thinking and discussion of the members of WTO on the TRIPS agreement. It has passed the sixth resolutions of the Doha public health declaration and the implementation of the Doha public health declaration, and then passed the first amendment of the TRIPS agreement.
The second part discusses the subsequent development of TRIPS protocol, including the Doha declaration of public health, the implementation of the Doha declaration of public health sixth resolution TRIPS protocol and the thirty-first amendment. Analyze its background, main content and legal status. For developing countries to protect the public health indicate a clear path.
The third part discusses the specific practice and review on TRIPS elastic mechanism in developing countries. Because the TRIPS protocol through the results of the review and correction does not automatically in each country into effect, so the needs of the members through the revision of domestic law to implement the flexible mechanism of TRIPS protocol, the Doha public health declaration > > and < the implementation of the Doha declaration of public health sixth the resolution > content. On the developing countries to deal with public health crisis, taking Thailand and Zambia as an example, these countries by modifying its legal application, patent compulsory licensing system to protect the domestic pharmaceutical production enterprises, improve the people's basic drug availability, maintenance of national public health; Canada for implementation of Doha declaration of public health sixth a resolution to amend their laws, treatment of AIDS drugs exports to developing countries. But in these bodies should be In use, there are still problems. It is still a long way to use the above results to solve the public health problems in developing countries.
The fourth part regression analysis in China, public health in our country, and through the study of elastic mechanism of TRIPS protocol in the legislation of our country should reflect, analysis how to deal with the public health crisis, to safeguard our public health, accurate positioning of our country should play in the development of national public health problems the role.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：R199;D996

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本文編號：1553014