本文關(guān)鍵詞： 海牙和平會(huì)議 背景 國(guó)際體系 歷史遺產(chǎn) 大國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初是世界歷史的轉(zhuǎn)折期,也是國(guó)際關(guān)系格局新舊交替的重要時(shí)期。1899年和1907年召開的兩次海牙和平會(huì)議正是國(guó)際形勢(shì)發(fā)展的結(jié)果,它體現(xiàn)了鮮明的時(shí)代特征,同時(shí)也對(duì)現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。深入研究?jī)纱魏Ｑ篮推綍?huì)議及其歷史遺產(chǎn)對(duì)于我們深刻認(rèn)識(shí)19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初國(guó)際關(guān)系的基本特征,了解國(guó)際機(jī)制特別是大國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制正常運(yùn)行的基本條件,理清相關(guān)國(guó)際法的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)具有十分重要的意義。 目前國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于兩次海牙和平會(huì)議的研究并不多,在論文的導(dǎo)論部分,筆者將介紹國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于此項(xiàng)論題的研究現(xiàn)狀,并分析這些研究視角,總結(jié)它們的特點(diǎn)。在此基礎(chǔ)之上提出自己的研究目標(biāo)和視角：即把海牙國(guó)際會(huì)議放在更加宏觀的國(guó)際關(guān)系史演變的背景之下,把其作為歐洲協(xié)調(diào)末期向新的全球性的大國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制所做的一次探索來(lái)加以研究,揭示其對(duì)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代一些國(guó)際機(jī)制的重要的先導(dǎo)和奠基意義。 第二次工業(yè)革命推動(dòng)了生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的變革和國(guó)家間交往模式的變化。在生產(chǎn)關(guān)系方面,最重要的就是壟斷制的出現(xiàn),各資本主義國(guó)家先后完成了由自由向壟斷資本主義的過(guò)渡。在交往模式方面,世界越來(lái)越成為一個(gè)整體,各國(guó)對(duì)世界市場(chǎng)特別是對(duì)殖民地的依賴程度不斷提高,對(duì)外擴(kuò)張的步伐不斷加快。這一時(shí)期,新興力量的出現(xiàn)也極大的沖擊了既有的國(guó)際秩序,包括以美、德為代表的新興強(qiáng)國(guó)的崛起、自主性民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)在歐洲興起、兩大軍事集團(tuán)形成。在新興力量的沖擊下,舊有的歐洲協(xié)調(diào)體系面臨解體的危機(jī)。不斷增多的軍事沖突和愈演愈烈的軍備競(jìng)賽使得大戰(zhàn)越來(lái)越迫近。海牙和平召開的直接目的是為了避免戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),維持世界的總體和平,而其最終目的則在于在尋求國(guó)際關(guān)系中新舊力量和平共存之道,重新分配權(quán)力并探索新的國(guó)際秩序的基本框架。 第一次海牙會(huì)議是由俄國(guó)沙皇尼古拉二世倡議發(fā)起的,其直接動(dòng)機(jī)是為了緩解國(guó)內(nèi)的財(cái)政危機(jī),但也受到了和平主義思想和民間和平活動(dòng)的影響。兩次海牙和平會(huì)議包括了當(dāng)時(shí)世界上所有的獨(dú)立國(guó)家,但其中其主導(dǎo)作用的仍是一些大國(guó)。一些新興大國(guó),特別是美國(guó)也在會(huì)議的進(jìn)程中扮演了重要的角色。兩次海牙和平會(huì)議誕生了豐富的成果,對(duì)國(guó)際關(guān)系秩序的建設(shè)和國(guó)際法的發(fā)展都有創(chuàng)新性的貢獻(xiàn),特別是第一次海牙和會(huì)所產(chǎn)生的三個(gè)重要公約,即《和平解決國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端公約》(海牙第一公約)、《陸戰(zhàn)法規(guī)和慣例公約》《日內(nèi)瓦公約諸原則適用于海戰(zhàn)的公約》(海牙第三公約),對(duì)國(guó)際法特別是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)法的編纂影響極其深遠(yuǎn)。 兩次海牙和平會(huì)議對(duì)國(guó)際體系的演變產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。由于種種原因,兩次海牙和平會(huì)議的成果大多未得到落實(shí),國(guó)際局勢(shì)繼續(xù)惡化,新舊強(qiáng)國(guó)間的矛盾不斷激化,終于演化全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。為緩和日益緊張的國(guó)際局勢(shì),維持和平的局面,兩次海牙和平會(huì)議試圖挽救面臨危機(jī)的歐洲協(xié)調(diào)體系,并將其向世界拓展,建立全球性的大國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。兩次海牙和平會(huì)議還為新興大國(guó)提供了展示自身,提高國(guó)際影響力的舞臺(tái)。特別是美國(guó)以這兩次會(huì)議為契機(jī),登上國(guó)際政治舞臺(tái),參與到國(guó)際事務(wù)的處理中,成為具有重要影響的大國(guó),為今后扮演更重要的角色做了鋪墊。 兩次海牙和平會(huì)議留下了豐富的歷史遺產(chǎn)。在和會(huì)的諸多成果中,國(guó)際仲裁制度的確立和國(guó)際仲裁法庭的建立是最重要的之一,它們?yōu)楹推浇鉀Q國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端奠定了基礎(chǔ)。兩次海牙和平會(huì)議開創(chuàng)了國(guó)際人道主義法的淵源,為后來(lái)的日內(nèi)瓦四公約、《白里安一凱洛格公約》、《巴黎非戰(zhàn)公約》等國(guó)際公約提供了法理依據(jù)。 在對(duì)兩次海牙和平會(huì)議的背景、經(jīng)過(guò)、成果、意義和影響進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性研究的基礎(chǔ)上,本文將充分借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界重要研究成果,運(yùn)用現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和新自由主義流派中關(guān)于國(guó)際機(jī)制的理論,歸納出一個(gè)國(guó)際會(huì)議要成為一項(xiàng)為各大國(guó)所接受的固定的國(guó)際機(jī)制,一個(gè)大國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制要正常的運(yùn)行并發(fā)揮作用所必須具備的一些條件,如一個(gè)成功的大國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制必須具有一定的開放性、代表性和包容性；要有完整的組織架構(gòu)和制度規(guī)范；還要有一個(gè)事實(shí)上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心共同的利益和價(jià)值體系。此外,本文還將指出本課題研究的重點(diǎn)和未來(lái)的突破口。
[Abstract]:At the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century is a turning point of world history, an important period in.1899 and 1907 is the transition of the pattern of international relations in the meeting of the two Hague peace conference is the result of the development of the international situation, it embodies the distinctive characteristics of the times, had a profound impact on the development of modern international relations but also in-depth study. The two Hague Peace Conferences for the basic features of our profound understanding of international relations at the end of nineteenth Century early twentieth Century, understand the international mechanism especially the basic condition for the normal operation of power coordination mechanism, has very important significance in clarifying the development of relevant international law.
There is not much research on the two Hague peace conference, in the introduction, the author will introduce the research status at home and abroad on the issue, and the analysis of the research perspective, and summarize their features. Based on the proposed its research goal and visual angle: Hague international conference that is put in the history of international development the relationship between a more macro background, taking it as an exploration of the European coordination end to the new global power coordination mechanism will be studied to reveal the mechanism of the contemporary international leading and foundational significance.
The second industrial revolution promoted the change of relations of production change and mode of international communications. In terms of production relations, the most important is the monopoly system, the capitalist countries have completed the transition from capitalism to monopoly capitalism. In the mode of communication, the world has become a whole, all countries of the world market in particular continuously improve the degree of dependence on the colonies, accelerating the pace of foreign expansion. During this period, emerging forces also had a great impact on the existing international order, including the rise of new powers to the United States, Germany as the representative of the independent nationalist movement arose in Europe, the two major military group in formation. The impact of these forces, the old European coordination system is facing collapse crisis. Military conflict is increasing and fierce arms race makes war looming Hague peace. The immediate purpose of the convening is to avoid war and maintain the general peace of the world, and its ultimate goal is to seek the way of peaceful coexistence of new and old forces in international relations, redistribute power and explore the basic framework of new international order.
The first Hague conference is sponsored by the Russian Tsar Nicola S initiative, the direct motive is to alleviate the domestic financial crisis, but also by the impact of pacifism and civil peace activities. The two Hague peace conference including the world all independent countries, but one of its leading role in the country is still some. Emerging powers, especially the United States in the meeting process plays an important role. The two Hague peace conference was fruitful, there are innovative contributions to the development of the construction of the order of international relations and international law, especially the three important convention in Hague for the first time and the club, that is "peace the settlement of international disputes Convention" (first Hague Convention), "rules and practices" "Convention on the principles of Geneva convention applicable to naval Convention" (third Hague Convention), especially on international law The compiling of the law of war has a profound influence.
The two had a major impact on the evolution of the Hague peace conference of the international system. Due to various reasons, the two Hague peace conference results are not implemented, the international situation continues to deteriorate, the intensification of the contradiction between the old and new power, finally the evolution of total war. To ease the increasingly tense international situation, to maintain peace. The two Hague peace conference to try to save the crisis of the European coordination system, and its development to the world, a global power coordination mechanism. The two Hague peace conference is to provide a display of their emerging powers, improve the stage of international influence. Especially in the United States on the two meeting as an opportunity, on the international political stage and to participate in international affairs, has become an important influence in the country, paving the way for a more important role in the future.
The two Hague peace conference left a rich historical heritage. And will in many achievements, establishing the international arbitration and the International Court of arbitration is one of the most important, they laid the foundation for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The two Hague peace conference created a source of international humanitarian law, for the later the four Geneva convention, a convention > < < Kellogg Briand, provides the legal basis for the International Convention on the Paris pact >.
In the two Hague Peace Conference on the background, through the basic research, achievement, significance and influence on the system, this paper will make full use of the important domestic and foreign academic research, on the international mechanism theory of realism and Neo liberalism genre, summed up an international conference to become an accepted for each country fixed international mechanism, some conditions for a country to normal operation and coordination mechanism must have played a role, such as a successful country coordination mechanism must have a certain openness, representative and inclusive; to have a complete organizational structure and institutional norms; there is also a the core of leadership in fact common interests and value system. In addition, this paper also points out the focus of this research and future breakthrough.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D99

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