本文關(guān)鍵詞： 國(guó)際人道法 遵約機(jī)制 紅十字國(guó)際委員會(huì) 透明度　出處：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：如何確保規(guī)則得到遵守是國(guó)際人道法的一個(gè)重要挑戰(zhàn)。確保現(xiàn)行的國(guó)際人道法被遵守的主要機(jī)制有:保證尊重的義務(wù)、保護(hù)國(guó)制度、調(diào)查程序、國(guó)際實(shí)況調(diào)查委員會(huì)、紅十字國(guó)際委員會(huì)等。《日內(nèi)瓦四公約》共同第一條以及《第一附加議定書(shū)》都規(guī)定了締約國(guó)負(fù)有保證公約及議定書(shū)被尊重的義務(wù),這一義務(wù)即包括保證其國(guó)內(nèi)尊重公約及議定書(shū),還包括了保證其他締約國(guó)或其他主體尊重締約國(guó)的義務(wù)。保護(hù)國(guó)制度旨在在武裝沖突中引入第三方對(duì)交戰(zhàn)方的作戰(zhàn)行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)督并協(xié)助公約的實(shí)施,但由于在現(xiàn)實(shí)中很少有國(guó)家愿意擔(dān)任保護(hù)國(guó)而極少發(fā)揮作用;調(diào)查程序和國(guó)際實(shí)況調(diào)查委員會(huì)是針對(duì)締約國(guó)之間指稱一方違反公約的事實(shí)進(jìn)行調(diào)查的制度,但是國(guó)際實(shí)況調(diào)查委員會(huì)因?yàn)榻邮艿膰?guó)家太少而難以發(fā)揮作用;紅十字國(guó)際委員會(huì)是國(guó)際法上一個(gè)具有獨(dú)特性質(zhì)的組織,該組織在促進(jìn)締約國(guó)遵守國(guó)際人道法上發(fā)揮了重要的作用。從總體來(lái)看,首先現(xiàn)行的國(guó)際人道法遵守機(jī)制主要還是主要依靠締約國(guó)的自覺(jué);其次國(guó)際人道法缺少一個(gè)全局性的綜合遵守機(jī)制;再次,現(xiàn)行遵守機(jī)制無(wú)助于增強(qiáng)透明度,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)國(guó)家間的互信;最后,現(xiàn)行的機(jī)制對(duì)于非國(guó)際性武裝沖突中人道法的遵守幾乎沒(méi)有發(fā)揮作用。因此,改革國(guó)際人道法的遵約機(jī)制以促進(jìn)其被更好的遵守勢(shì)在必行。為了加強(qiáng)國(guó)際人道法的遵守,自《日內(nèi)瓦四公約》成立以來(lái),國(guó)際社會(huì)一直在持續(xù)努力推進(jìn)。從《日內(nèi)瓦四公約》及其附加議定書(shū)的締約國(guó)、紅十字國(guó)際委員會(huì)到聯(lián)合國(guó),再到其他國(guó)際會(huì)議等場(chǎng)合,都在不斷地努力,試圖改善國(guó)際人道法的遵約機(jī)制,加強(qiáng)國(guó)際人道法的遵守。值得注意的是從2012年開(kāi)始,在瑞士政府和紅十字國(guó)際委員會(huì)的倡議下,加強(qiáng)遵守國(guó)際人道法的國(guó)家間會(huì)議就該問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)四年的討論。該次會(huì)議最終形成了《總結(jié)報(bào)告》,該報(bào)告建議建立一個(gè)國(guó)家間的會(huì)議制度作為有關(guān)國(guó)際人道法的對(duì)話平臺(tái),并在該平臺(tái)上建立履約報(bào)告、專題討論,乃至實(shí)況調(diào)查等具體制度。但遺憾的是,在2015年紅十字與紅新月國(guó)際大會(huì)上,各國(guó)未能就該報(bào)告中的提議達(dá)成一致,但要求繼續(xù)就國(guó)際人道法的遵守問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論以尋求共識(shí)。但各國(guó)仍然認(rèn)識(shí)到了加強(qiáng)遵守國(guó)際人道法的重要性,以及建立一個(gè)普遍的遵約機(jī)制的必要性。所以,在將來(lái)建立一個(gè)這樣的機(jī)制仍然存在較大的可能性。
[Abstract]:How to ensure that rules are respected is an important challenge of international humanitarian law... the main mechanisms for ensuring compliance with existing international humanitarian law are the obligation to ensure respect, the system of protectors, the procedure of inquiry, and the International Fact-Finding Commission, The International Committee of the Red Cross, among others. Article 1 common to the Geneva Conventions and additional Protocol I impose obligations on States parties to ensure respect for the Convention and its protocols, This obligation includes, inter alia, ensuring respect for the Convention and the protocols thereto, Including ensuring that other States parties or other subjects respect the obligations of States parties... the institution of the protective State is designed to introduce third parties in armed conflict to monitor the operational behaviour of belligerents and to assist in the implementation of the Convention, However, since very few States are willing to play a role as protectors in reality, the inquiry procedure and the International Fact-Finding Commission are a system of inquiry into facts between States parties alleging violations of the Convention by one of the States parties, However, the International Fact-Finding Commission (IFact-Finding Commission), which is a unique organization in international law, is difficult to function because of the small number of receiving States, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), The organization has played an important role in promoting the compliance of States parties with international humanitarian law. As a whole, the current compliance mechanism of international humanitarian law mainly depends on the consciousness of the States parties; Secondly, the lack of a comprehensive and comprehensive compliance mechanism for international humanitarian law; thirdly, the existing compliance mechanism does not contribute to greater transparency and, consequently, greater mutual trust among States; and finally, The existing mechanisms have little effect on compliance with humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts... therefore, it is imperative to reform the compliance mechanism of international humanitarian law in order to promote better compliance... in order to strengthen compliance with international humanitarian law, Since the establishment of the Geneva Conventions, the international community has been making sustained efforts... from the High Contracting parties to the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols, to the International Committee of the Red Cross to the United Nations and to other international conferences, Are continuing efforts to improve compliance mechanisms of international humanitarian law and to enhance compliance with international humanitarian law... it is worth noting that, from 2012, at the initiative of the Government of Switzerland and the International Committee of the Red Cross, The inter-State meeting on strengthening compliance with international humanitarian law held four years of discussion on the issue. The meeting culminated in the concluding report, which recommended the establishment of a system of inter-State meetings as a platform for dialogue on international humanitarian law, And to establish on the platform specific systems such as compliance reports, thematic discussions and even fact-finding... but regretting that, at the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent on 2015, States were unable to agree on the proposals contained in the report, Calling, however, for continued discussions on compliance with international humanitarian law in order to seek consensus... but States continue to recognize the importance of strengthening compliance with international humanitarian law and the need for a universal compliance mechanism... therefore, It is still possible to establish such a mechanism in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D995

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