本文關(guān)鍵詞： 北極戰(zhàn)略 奧巴馬政府 特朗普政府 氣候問題　出處：《吉林大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：由于全球氣候變暖,北極地區(qū)從一個鮮有人涉足的冰雪之地,變成了在軍事、航運、安全、經(jīng)濟、資源、科研等方面都具有重大戰(zhàn)略價值的寶地。世界各國尤其是環(huán)北極國家均看到了北極這一優(yōu)勢,紛紛出臺了國家北極戰(zhàn)略,并采取相關(guān)行動,北極漸漸成為利益博弈的熱點地區(qū)。奧巴馬上臺后,美國于2013年出臺了《北極地區(qū)國家戰(zhàn)略》,標志著奧巴馬政府的北極戰(zhàn)略基本形成。在此背景下,本文將從理論與實證兩個層面對美國北極戰(zhàn)略進行系統(tǒng)梳理,主要對北極地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略價值,以及奧巴馬政府北極戰(zhàn)略動因、內(nèi)容、特點以及實施困境進行闡述,并分析特朗普總統(tǒng)上臺后美國北極戰(zhàn)略的發(fā)展趨勢。在對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)理論及文獻的系統(tǒng)分析基礎(chǔ)上,本文認為北極在美國全球戰(zhàn)略中扮演著越來越重要的角色。首先,北極擁有大量的油氣、煤炭以及礦產(chǎn)資源,能為現(xiàn)代工業(yè)化社會提供發(fā)展條件;其次,特殊的地理位置、無冰期的延長帶來常年通航的可能性,顯露出了巨大的經(jīng)濟價值和軍事戰(zhàn)略價值;此外,作為資源寶庫,它在自然科學方面所具備的科研價值也不可小覷。除了重要的戰(zhàn)略價值,美國一貫的霸權(quán)主義思維路徑也決定著美國不會放棄北極地區(qū)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)的爭奪,再加上其他各國尤其是俄羅斯的激烈競爭,美國出于維護國家安全的需要,必須施行國家層面的北極戰(zhàn)略。美國在北極地區(qū)活動的終極目標就是維護國家核心利益,通過軍事手段和國際合作,實現(xiàn)北極地區(qū)的可持續(xù)、和平發(fā)展,并確保美國在北極區(qū)域的引領(lǐng)。通過對一系列的戰(zhàn)略文件以及實施計劃文件的解析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)美國在北極事務(wù)上已經(jīng)取得實質(zhì)性進展,包括破冰船的建設(shè)、通訊系統(tǒng)以及導(dǎo)彈預(yù)警系統(tǒng)的部署、聯(lián)合軍演、出任北極理事會主席國等等。然而在戰(zhàn)略的實施過程中,美國政府也面臨著一些困境。第一,北極地區(qū)的生態(tài)問題和全球氣候問題讓北極開發(fā)受限;第二,在北極采取軍事活動會對北極地區(qū)的和平與穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生不良影響;第三,在美國財政結(jié)構(gòu)性赤字嚴重的情況下,為北極開發(fā)提供資金支持的能力有限;第四,美國在北極地區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面相對落后,開發(fā)能力不足。2017年美國政府更新?lián)Q代,唐納德·特朗普上臺執(zhí)政,這給北極戰(zhàn)略走向帶來了更多的變數(shù)。新一屆政府是否會延續(xù)奧巴馬政府的北極戰(zhàn)略,或是采取截然不同的戰(zhàn)略態(tài)度,是一個值得探討的問題。不過就目前趨勢來看,特朗普政府在氣候問題上與奧巴馬政府基本背道而馳,而且新政府有望加快推進批準《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》進程,加快石油等化石燃料的開發(fā)進程,經(jīng)濟利益也將成為北極戰(zhàn)略的重點�？傊�,本文將通過分析北極地區(qū)的整體戰(zhàn)略地位,系統(tǒng)梳理美國北極戰(zhàn)略的內(nèi)容及發(fā)展趨勢,以便我國更加全面的了解北極地區(qū),并從中獲得戰(zhàn)略借鑒。
[Abstract]:As a result of global warming, the Arctic has moved from a land of snow and ice that few people have set foot to military, shipping, security, economy, and resources. Scientific research and other aspects are of great strategic value. Countries all over the world, especially the countries around the Arctic, have seen the advantages of the Arctic, have issued a national Arctic strategy, and take relevant actions. The Arctic has gradually become a hot spot in the interest game. After Obama came to power, the United States issued the Arctic National Strategy in 2013, which marked the basic formation of the Arctic strategy of Obama administration. Under this background. This paper will systematically comb the Arctic strategy of the United States from the theoretical and empirical aspects, mainly on the strategic value of the Arctic region, as well as the Obama administration's Arctic strategic motivation, content, characteristics and implementation difficulties. It also analyzes the development trend of American Arctic strategy after President Trump came to power. Based on the systematic analysis of relevant theories and literature at home and abroad. This paper holds that the Arctic is playing a more and more important role in the global strategy of the United States. Firstly, the Arctic has a large amount of oil and gas, coal and mineral resources, which can provide the conditions for the development of modern industrialized society. Secondly, the special geographical location, the prolongation of the ice-free period brings the possibility of navigation all year round, which reveals the huge economic value and military strategic value. In addition, as a treasure trove of resources, its scientific research value in natural science can not be underestimated, in addition to the important strategic value. The hegemonic thinking path of the United States has also decided that the United States will not give up the leadership of the Arctic, coupled with the fierce competition of other countries, especially Russia, the United States out of the need to safeguard national security. The ultimate goal of United States activities in the Arctic region is to safeguard the core interests of the country and to achieve the sustainable and peaceful development of the Arctic region through military means and international cooperation. And ensure that the United States leads the Arctic region. Through the analysis of a series of strategic documents and implementation plan documents, we find that the United States has made substantial progress in Arctic affairs, including the building of icebreakers. The deployment of communication systems and missile early warning systems, joint military exercises, the presidency of the Arctic Council, and so on. However, in the implementation of the strategy, the United States government also faces some difficulties. First. Ecological problems and global climate problems in the Arctic limit Arctic development; Secondly, military activities in the Arctic would have a negative impact on peace and stability in the Arctic region; Third, the ability to finance Arctic development is limited in the face of severe fiscal structural deficits in the United States; In 4th, the United States was relatively backward in infrastructure development in the Arctic, and its development capacity was inadequate. In 2017, the United States government was replaced, and Donald Trump came to power. This brings more uncertainty to the direction of the Arctic strategy. Whether the new administration will continue the Obama administration's Arctic strategy or adopt a different strategic attitude. It's a question worth exploring. But in terms of current trends, the Trump administration basically runs counter to the Obama administration on climate issues. Moreover, the new government is expected to speed up the process of ratification of UNCLOS and the development of fossil fuels such as oil, and economic benefits will also be the focus of Arctic strategy. This paper will analyze the overall strategic position of the Arctic region, systematically comb the content and development trend of the Arctic strategy of the United States, so that our country can get a more comprehensive understanding of the Arctic region and learn from it.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D871.2;D993.5

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