【摘要】： 情境犯罪預(yù)防(situational crime prevention)理論認為情境因素促成了具體形式的犯罪,主張通過對具體環(huán)境加以控制以減少犯罪機會的產(chǎn)生,進而達到預(yù)防犯罪的目的。情境預(yù)防理論追求的是預(yù)防犯罪于未然而不是事后對犯罪人的追究；不是通過社會和制度的改變消滅犯罪人的犯罪傾向,而是盡量使犯罪行為對犯罪人不再具有誘惑力。其關(guān)注點不再是刑事司法系統(tǒng),而是一系列能產(chǎn)生大量犯罪機會的公共和私人組織、機構(gòu)和場所,如學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、商場、停車場等。情境預(yù)防的具體措施先于情境預(yù)防理論而存在,例如在地鐵和商場等公共場所安裝的電子監(jiān)控裝置、電話的來電顯示、槍支管制、毒品和酒精的控制等措施,都是情境預(yù)防的具體手段,并在理論形成之前已經(jīng)在實踐中取得了很好的預(yù)防犯罪的效果。這些措施的實施很多都是私人行為,是私人在深受犯罪困擾之后所做出的反應(yīng)或者是為了避免犯罪侵擾而對成功方式的一種效仿。 情境預(yù)防理論是建立在對傳統(tǒng)犯罪學(xué)理論反思的基礎(chǔ)之上的,它放棄了對于犯罪根源的糾結(jié),而以一種功利務(wù)實的姿態(tài)面對具體形式的犯罪,其預(yù)防犯罪的思路和具體措施都與傳統(tǒng)預(yù)防措施大相徑庭。自20世紀60年代產(chǎn)生以來,其在理論上不斷成長,在實踐中不斷取得成功,已經(jīng)成為傳統(tǒng)的司法預(yù)防和社會預(yù)防之外的犯罪預(yù)防新力量。 本文嘗試對犯罪情境預(yù)防理論進行整體把握,分析情境預(yù)防理論所面臨的質(zhì)疑,客觀的展示情境犯罪預(yù)防理論的實踐價值,并且得出其對于當(dāng)代中國犯罪預(yù)防的積極意義。 本文包括由以下四部分組成： 第一章闡述了情境預(yù)防理論的源起。在這一部分中,論文首先對傳統(tǒng)的兩種犯罪預(yù)防模式進行歸納,分析其犯罪控制策略的出發(fā)點,并且在此基礎(chǔ)上指出造成長期以來情境預(yù)防措施被忽視的兩種錯誤認識,接著闡述了情境預(yù)防理論以英國“內(nèi)政部犯罪學(xué)”形式的誕生過程,并且對情境預(yù)防理論的理論依據(jù)進行了分析。 第二章對情境預(yù)防理論的框架進行了闡述。首先闡述了羅納德·克拉克對于情境預(yù)防的界定,而后對于情境預(yù)防的基礎(chǔ)理論——理性選擇理論和日常行為理論加以分析,展示了情境預(yù)防理論對犯罪產(chǎn)生的解釋框架和一系列情境預(yù)防的具體策略。 第三章對情境預(yù)防理論政策和實踐的價值,及其在發(fā)展過程中所遭遇的挑戰(zhàn)展開探討。力圖客觀的對情境預(yù)防理論進行價值分析和評價。 在前三章的基礎(chǔ)之上,第四章提出了情境預(yù)防理論對于當(dāng)前我國犯罪預(yù)防的積極意義,并且將我國當(dāng)前大力提倡的社會治安綜合治理與情境預(yù)防相銜接,繼而對我國社會治安綜合治理的情境預(yù)防效應(yīng)進行評估,最后,根據(jù)情境預(yù)防理論對目前我國社會綜合治理中存在的缺陷提出一些相應(yīng)的建議。
[Abstract]:The theory of situational crime prevention (situational crime prevention) holds that situational factors contribute to specific forms of crime and advocate that crime prevention can be achieved by controlling the specific environment in order to reduce the occurrence of crime opportunities. The theory of situational prevention seeks to prevent crime in the first place, not to investigate the criminal afterwards; it is not to eliminate the criminal tendency through the change of society and system, but to make the criminal behavior no longer have the temptation to the criminal as far as possible. The focus is no longer on the criminal justice system, but on a range of public and private organizations, institutions and places that generate significant opportunities for crime, such as schools, hospitals, shopping malls, parking lots, etc. Specific measures of situational prevention predate the theory of situational prevention, such as electronic monitoring devices installed in public places such as subways and shopping malls, telephone caller ID, gun control, drug and alcohol control, and so on. It is the concrete means of situational prevention, and has achieved a good effect in practice before the formation of the theory. Many of these measures are carried out by private individuals, as a response to crime, or as a model of success in order to avoid criminal harassment. The theory of situational prevention is based on the reflection of the traditional criminology theory. It gives up the entanglement of the root causes of crime and faces the specific forms of crime with a utilitarian and pragmatic attitude. The train of thought and concrete measures of crime prevention are quite different from the traditional preventive measures. Since its emergence in the 1960s, it has grown up in theory and made continuous success in practice. It has become a new force of crime prevention beyond the traditional judicial prevention and social prevention. This paper attempts to grasp the theory of crime situational prevention as a whole, analyzes the doubts that the theory of situational prevention faces, objectively demonstrates the practical value of situational crime prevention theory, and draws its positive significance for contemporary Chinese crime prevention. This paper consists of the following four parts: the first chapter expounds the origin of situational prevention theory. In this part, the paper first summarizes the traditional two crime prevention models, analyzes the starting point of its crime control strategy, and on this basis points out two kinds of misunderstandings which have caused the neglect of situational preventive measures for a long time. Then, it expounds the birth process of situational prevention theory in the form of British Home Office criminology, and analyzes the theoretical basis of situational prevention theory. The second chapter expounds the framework of situational prevention theory. First of all, it expounds Ronald Clark's definition of situational prevention, and then analyzes the basic theory of situational prevention, rational choice theory and daily behavior theory. It also shows the explanation frame of situational prevention theory and a series of concrete strategies of situational prevention. The third chapter discusses the value of situational prevention theory, policy and practice, as well as the challenges encountered in the process of development. This paper tries to analyze and evaluate the value of situational prevention theory objectively. On the basis of the first three chapters, the fourth chapter puts forward the positive significance of situational prevention theory for crime prevention in our country, and links the comprehensive management of social security advocated by our country with situational prevention. Then it evaluates the situational preventive effect of comprehensive management of social security in our country. Finally, according to the theory of situational prevention, it puts forward some corresponding suggestions on the defects existing in the comprehensive management of social security in our country at present.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D917

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