論美國對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不實施強制性標簽制度的原因
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-16 14:13
【摘要】：近些年來,由于人口爆炸式的膨脹以及耕地面積持續(xù)性地縮小,轉(zhuǎn)基因食品便越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。在轉(zhuǎn)基因生物工程技術(shù)對人類和生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響問題上,世界各國的認識并不一致,而大到裝谷物的箱子,小至一片口香糖均貼有為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ铒嬍程峁┐罅啃畔⒌氖称窐撕?所以,轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標簽制度現(xiàn)今倍受爭議。強制性標簽制度的呼聲越來越高,人們的知情權(quán)和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品有可能帶來的風險是其理論基石。但是,美國反對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品強制性標簽制度的觀點也很有市場,現(xiàn)在筆者試圖重點陳述一下美國一些學(xué)者為什么持有這種觀點,他們理論根基到底何在?本文將給予揭示。 本文在第一部分首先闡述了研究美國轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標簽制度的緣由,然后提出本文的核心議題：為什么美國對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不實施強制性標簽制度?隨后揭示了寫作本文的目的和意義,讓我們從深層次更加了解美國這樣做的原因以及對我們國家有何啟示。第二部分簡單概括了轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標簽制度爭議的歷史背景,然后從正反兩個角度談了轉(zhuǎn)基因工程所帶來的利益以及有可能給人類健康、生態(tài)環(huán)境所帶來的風險,因此,消費者對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品普遍存在著恐懼心理。第三部分簡要分析了美國推行轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的政治、經(jīng)濟原因。第四部分則是從法律的角度出發(fā),詳細闡述了美國農(nóng)業(yè)部、環(huán)境保護局、食品及藥物管理局三個行政部門規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)基因食品所參照的法律以及法律所授權(quán)的職能；本部分最后對美國轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標簽制度的兩個優(yōu)勢重點作了介紹,其一是自愿性標簽制度,其二是上市前的強制性通告程序。第五部分論述了強制性標簽制度在美國面臨著來自憲法以及其它法律的阻力——憲法中關(guān)于知情權(quán)的規(guī)定、州際貿(mào)易自由以及聯(lián)邦法優(yōu)先適用。第四部分和第五部分都是法律原因,前者是從正面的角度談了美國現(xiàn)行標簽制度的法律保障,后者是從反面的角度談了強制性標簽制度在美國實行所面臨的法律阻力。最后一部分筆者從經(jīng)濟風險、宗教風險兩個角度對美國轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標簽制度所面臨的風險進行了探討。
[Abstract]:In recent years, people pay more and more attention to genetically modified food because of the explosive expansion of population and the continuous shrinking of cultivated land. On the issue of the impact of genetically modified biological engineering technology on human beings and the ecological environment, countries in the world do not have the same understanding, but they are as large as boxes of grain. As small as a piece of gum has a food label that provides a lot of information about our daily diet, so the labelling system for genetically modified foods is now controversial. People's right to know and the risks that GM food may bring are the theoretical foundation of mandatory labelling system. However, there is also a market for the United States to oppose the mandatory labelling system of genetically modified foods. Now the author tries to highlight why some American scholars hold this view, and what is their theoretical basis? This paper will reveal. In the first part of this paper, the reasons for studying the labelling system of genetically modified foods in the United States are first expounded, and then the core topic of this paper is proposed: why does the United States not implement the mandatory labelling system for genetically modified foods in the United States? Then it reveals the purpose and significance of writing this paper, so that we can better understand the reasons why the United States did this and what enlightenment it has for our country. The second part briefly summarizes the historical background of the controversy over the labelling system of genetically modified foods, and then discusses the benefits of GM engineering and the risks to human health and ecological environment from both positive and negative perspectives. There is widespread fear among consumers of GM foods. The third part briefly analyzes the political and economic reasons for the introduction of GM food in the United States. The fourth part is from the legal point of view, elaborated the United States Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration of the three administrative departments to regulate genetically modified food reference laws and the functions authorized by the law; At the end of this part, the author introduces two advantages of the American GM food labelling system, one is the voluntary labelling system, the other is the mandatory notice procedure before going to the market. The fifth part discusses that the mandatory labelling system in the United States faces resistance from the Constitution and other laws-the Constitution's provisions on the right to know, the freedom of interstate trade and the preferential application of federal law. The fourth part and the fifth part are both legal reasons. The former discusses the legal protection of the current labelling system in the United States from a positive angle, while the latter discusses the legal resistance faced by the enforcement of the mandatory label system in the United States from the negative angle. In the last part, the author discusses the risk of American GMO food labelling system from the aspects of economic risk and religious risk.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D971.2;DD912.1
本文編號：2274619
[Abstract]:In recent years, people pay more and more attention to genetically modified food because of the explosive expansion of population and the continuous shrinking of cultivated land. On the issue of the impact of genetically modified biological engineering technology on human beings and the ecological environment, countries in the world do not have the same understanding, but they are as large as boxes of grain. As small as a piece of gum has a food label that provides a lot of information about our daily diet, so the labelling system for genetically modified foods is now controversial. People's right to know and the risks that GM food may bring are the theoretical foundation of mandatory labelling system. However, there is also a market for the United States to oppose the mandatory labelling system of genetically modified foods. Now the author tries to highlight why some American scholars hold this view, and what is their theoretical basis? This paper will reveal. In the first part of this paper, the reasons for studying the labelling system of genetically modified foods in the United States are first expounded, and then the core topic of this paper is proposed: why does the United States not implement the mandatory labelling system for genetically modified foods in the United States? Then it reveals the purpose and significance of writing this paper, so that we can better understand the reasons why the United States did this and what enlightenment it has for our country. The second part briefly summarizes the historical background of the controversy over the labelling system of genetically modified foods, and then discusses the benefits of GM engineering and the risks to human health and ecological environment from both positive and negative perspectives. There is widespread fear among consumers of GM foods. The third part briefly analyzes the political and economic reasons for the introduction of GM food in the United States. The fourth part is from the legal point of view, elaborated the United States Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration of the three administrative departments to regulate genetically modified food reference laws and the functions authorized by the law; At the end of this part, the author introduces two advantages of the American GM food labelling system, one is the voluntary labelling system, the other is the mandatory notice procedure before going to the market. The fifth part discusses that the mandatory labelling system in the United States faces resistance from the Constitution and other laws-the Constitution's provisions on the right to know, the freedom of interstate trade and the preferential application of federal law. The fourth part and the fifth part are both legal reasons. The former discusses the legal protection of the current labelling system in the United States from a positive angle, while the latter discusses the legal resistance faced by the enforcement of the mandatory label system in the United States from the negative angle. In the last part, the author discusses the risk of American GMO food labelling system from the aspects of economic risk and religious risk.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D971.2;DD912.1
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