本文選題：抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期 + 陪都��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,隨著日本對(duì)華侵略局勢(shì)加劇,國(guó)民政府將中央機(jī)構(gòu)西遷重慶,重慶作為陪都和戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都,地位上升至國(guó)家的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和外交中心。面對(duì)漢奸等敵對(duì)勢(shì)力的破壞、敵機(jī)對(duì)后方城市的持續(xù)狂轟濫炸、難民不斷涌入、警察戰(zhàn)時(shí)素養(yǎng)不高、警察人員不足等一系列的社會(huì)問(wèn)題,警察作為國(guó)家武裝力量的一個(gè)重要部分,通過(guò)戰(zhàn)時(shí)職能結(jié)構(gòu)的不斷調(diào)整,全面履行了其戰(zhàn)時(shí)陪都社會(huì)管控的職能,在維護(hù)陪都社會(huì)正常秩序和內(nèi)部穩(wěn)定、防范和打擊各類(lèi)犯罪、保障人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全等方面發(fā)揮了巨大的作用,為抗戰(zhàn)勝利做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。為此,本文以陪都重慶為時(shí)空范圍,選擇戰(zhàn)時(shí)警政改革為考察對(duì)象,并以戰(zhàn)時(shí)警察職能的發(fā)揮和運(yùn)行狀況為切入點(diǎn),以期對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)研究的這個(gè)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)做一些補(bǔ)充工作。本文論述的基本邏輯架構(gòu)為:從縱向角度,回溯了我國(guó)近代警政制度的引入,及其通過(guò)本土立法活動(dòng)逐步移植,據(jù)此創(chuàng)建了我國(guó)早期的警察組織和警務(wù)制度。歷經(jīng)清末、北京政府時(shí)期的調(diào)整和適應(yīng),至南京國(guó)民政府前期近代化的警政體制基本形成。繼而從橫向角度,對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后為適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)需要,而進(jìn)行的陪都重慶警察常規(guī)職能改革的內(nèi)容,戰(zhàn)時(shí)特殊警務(wù)職能的延伸,以及戰(zhàn)時(shí)警察主體身份的擴(kuò)展作深入探討。最后進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)析。其一,圍繞警察常規(guī)職能進(jìn)行了一系列改革。諸如重新規(guī)劃警察組織和警務(wù)建設(shè),改進(jìn)陪都警察的戰(zhàn)時(shí)治安防控體系,做實(shí)警察業(yè)務(wù)中較為重要的戶(hù)籍管理工作,改善戰(zhàn)時(shí)陪都重慶的消防和交通管理方法,構(gòu)建適應(yīng)國(guó)際需要的外事警察管理職能體系,從而使戰(zhàn)時(shí)陪都警察常規(guī)普通職能較戰(zhàn)前有了跨越式的強(qiáng)化。其二,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)推動(dòng)了陪都警察職能結(jié)構(gòu)的重大變化。為應(yīng)對(duì)日本侵略者對(duì)重慶無(wú)差別轟炸的不斷加強(qiáng),國(guó)家對(duì)警察常規(guī)職能結(jié)構(gòu)加以延伸,賦予陪都警察以防空職能。這是戰(zhàn)時(shí)陪都警察一項(xiàng)較為特殊的職能。為拱衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都安全,保障重慶地區(qū)社會(huì)秩序的安定,陪都警察防空職能的重要性被提升到一個(gè)前所未有的高度。盡管陪都警察在履行防空職能時(shí)并未與日本侵略者短兵相接,但對(duì)于保衛(wèi)抗戰(zhàn)大后方的人員安全和挽回財(cái)產(chǎn)損失作出了重大貢獻(xiàn),堪為抗擊日本侵略的一支中堅(jiān)力量。同時(shí),面對(duì)漢奸對(duì)國(guó)家危害步步加強(qiáng),陪都警察刑事執(zhí)法職能進(jìn)一步延伸,并在戰(zhàn)時(shí)肅奸發(fā)揮了主力軍的作用。由于警察是和平時(shí)期執(zhí)行偵查緝捕的常備機(jī)關(guān),肅清漢奸較其它行政執(zhí)法部門(mén)更具經(jīng)驗(yàn)和業(yè)務(wù)素養(yǎng)。賦予陪都警察與軍隊(duì)、憲兵一起擔(dān)負(fù)戰(zhàn)時(shí)陪都的肅奸職能實(shí)屬當(dāng)之無(wú)愧。其三,在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)下,陪都警察的行政執(zhí)法主體身份進(jìn)一步衍生,不僅是擔(dān)負(fù)維持治安、打擊犯罪、管理消防交通等職責(zé)的社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān),還必須具備戰(zhàn)時(shí)軍事作戰(zhàn)能力。為此,國(guó)家對(duì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)警察教育和警務(wù)培訓(xùn)進(jìn)行了改革,增加了培養(yǎng)警務(wù)人員應(yīng)對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的軍事技能,加強(qiáng)了對(duì)其進(jìn)行政治思想管理的力度,使陪都警察的行政執(zhí)法主體身份,從單一的警務(wù)人員向“亦軍亦警”的角色轉(zhuǎn)變。戰(zhàn)時(shí)警察教育和警察養(yǎng)成的新常態(tài),不僅培養(yǎng)了適應(yīng)基層需要的警士警長(zhǎng),而且造就了大批具有指揮和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的警官人才。他們平時(shí)為警戰(zhàn)時(shí)為軍,發(fā)揮了維持社會(huì)秩序穩(wěn)定和抗擊日本侵略者的雙重職能。戰(zhàn)時(shí)警察主體身份的另一種衍生是義勇警察組織的創(chuàng)建。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)嚴(yán)重破壞了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,造成國(guó)家財(cái)政拮據(jù),警務(wù)經(jīng)費(fèi)極度緊張。作為一種非正式警察主體的義勇警察組織的創(chuàng)建,其不僅有效地彌補(bǔ)了戰(zhàn)時(shí)警務(wù)人員的不足,而且節(jié)省了戰(zhàn)時(shí)國(guó)家的財(cái)政開(kāi)支。義勇警察是抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期警察機(jī)關(guān)利用民間力量的一次成功試驗(yàn),實(shí)現(xiàn)了警民力量的高度融合。他們?cè)趨f(xié)助警察保衛(wèi)陪都安全和維護(hù)大后方穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮了極大的作用。要之,本文研究主要取得的學(xué)術(shù)成果,一是厘清了我國(guó)近代意義上的警政制度的源與流:從國(guó)外移植進(jìn)入后,歷經(jīng)清末肇始、民國(guó)初期發(fā)展,直至南京國(guó)民政府前期趨于完善的歷史進(jìn)程。二是探討了來(lái)自異域的近代警政制度在我國(guó)的調(diào)整和適應(yīng)過(guò)程及其命運(yùn)和生存狀態(tài)。三是論述了近代警政制度體系初步形成于國(guó)民政府前期。四是論證了抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后為適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)時(shí)之需,對(duì)陪都重慶警察常規(guī)職能采取的一系列改革措施;并根據(jù)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)的發(fā)展賦予陪都重慶警察以特殊職能,諸如防止應(yīng)對(duì)敵機(jī)空襲、肅清漢奸等。五是討論了陪都警察教育制度的改革,賦予戰(zhàn)時(shí)警察“亦軍亦警”的身份,實(shí)現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)時(shí)陪都警察主體身份的擴(kuò)展。六是在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)下探索并創(chuàng)立了戰(zhàn)時(shí)義勇警察制度等。抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利已屆滿(mǎn)70周年,而維護(hù)戰(zhàn)后國(guó)際秩序的較量迄今仍在持續(xù)。當(dāng)前國(guó)際關(guān)系錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,我國(guó)周邊安全形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。探討七十多年前國(guó)家戰(zhàn)時(shí)警政改革的成果和不足,對(duì)新時(shí)期我國(guó)警政發(fā)展無(wú)疑有著重要的警示和借鑒意義。在全民族抗戰(zhàn)期間采取的一系列拱衛(wèi)陪都安全和維護(hù)大后方社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的警政改革措施及其一整套的警務(wù)規(guī)章制度體系,有些仍然值得在當(dāng)下國(guó)家警政改革進(jìn)程中進(jìn)行參考和借鑒。陪都重慶的警政改革,是國(guó)家戰(zhàn)時(shí)警政發(fā)展的一個(gè)縮影。對(duì)維護(hù)陪都社會(huì)秩序安定、抗戰(zhàn)大后方安全及支撐抗戰(zhàn)勝利意義重大,更啟迪著后人謹(jǐn)記歷史,并積極借鑒吸收戰(zhàn)時(shí)警政發(fā)展中的寶貴價(jià)值,不斷推動(dòng)中國(guó)警政制度向著更為理性、規(guī)范和文明的方向發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:During the war of resistance against Japan, with the intensification of the Japanese aggression against China, the national government moved the central institution to Chongqing, and Chongqing, as the capital and capital of the war, rose to the state's political, military, economic, cultural and diplomatic centers. Facing the destruction of the enemy forces such as the traitors, the enemy aircraft continued to bombard the rear cities, the refugees were constantly pouring into the police war. As an important part of the state armed forces, the police, as an important part of the state armed forces, have fully implemented the functions of the social control and control of the accompanying capital in wartime, in maintaining the normal order and internal stability of the accompanying society, preventing and combating all kinds of crimes and guaranteeing the people's life. The security of life and property has played a great role and made great contributions to the victory of the war of resistance. For this reason, this article takes the Chongqing as the space-time scope, chooses the wartime police reform as the object of investigation, and takes the function of the police in wartime as the breakthrough point, and makes some supplementary work to this weak link of the war research. The basic logic structure of the article is as follows: from the longitudinal point of view, it traced the introduction of the modern police system in our country and gradually transplanted it through local legislative activities. Accordingly, the early police organization and police system in China were created. After the late Qing Dynasty, the adjustment and adaptation of the period of Beijing government, to the early modern police system base of the national government of Nanjing. And then, from a horizontal point of view, the contents of the reform of the regular function of the Chongqing police, the extension of the special police function in wartime, and the expansion of the main identity of the police in wartime, after the outbreak of the war of resistance against the outbreak of the war, are discussed. Reform, such as replanning police organization and policing construction, improving the wartime security and prevention and control system of the accompanying police, making the more important work of household registration in the police service, improving the fire and traffic management methods of Chongqing in wartime, and constructing the management system of foreign affairs police to meet the international needs, so as to make the police accompanied by the time of war. In order to cope with the continuous strengthening of the Japanese invaders' undifferentiated bombing in Chongqing, the state has extended the normal functional structure of the police and endowed the cop with the air defense function. For the security of the capital in the wartime war and the stability of the social order in the Chongqing area, the importance of the police air defense function of the accompanying capital was raised to an unprecedented height. Although the accompanying police did not connect with the Japanese aggressors in the performance of the air defense function, they were safe for the defence of the people in the rear of the war of resistance and the loss of property. At the same time, it was a strong force to fight against Japanese aggression. At the same time, it was strengthened by the traitor to the country, the criminal law enforcement function of the cop was further extended, and the anti traitors played the role of the main force in the wartime. As the police were the permanent organ for the investigation and arrest in the period of peace, the traitors were cleared from the other administrative executes. The law department is more experienced and professional. It is well deserved to endow the accompanying capital with the army and the military, and the gendarmerie is responsible for the anti - traitor function of the accompanying capital in the wartime. The state must have the ability to combat military operations in wartime. To this end, the state has carried out a reform of the police education and police training in wartime, increasing the military skills to train police officers to cope with the war, strengthening the political thought management of the police, and making the administrative law enforcement owners of the accompanying police officers, from a single police officer to the "also the army." The new normality of police education and police in wartime not only trained the police officers to meet the needs of the grass-roots units, but also brought up a large number of police officers with command and leadership ability. They played the dual functions of maintaining the stable social order and fighting the Japanese aggressors during the wartime war. Another derivation of identity is the creation of the Volunteer Police Organization. The war seriously damaged the social and economic development, caused the state financial constraints, and the police funds were extremely tense. The creation of a volunteer police organization, as an informal police body, not only effectively made up for the shortage of wartime police personnel, but also saved the country's wealth in wartime. The volunteer police is a successful experiment on the use of folk forces during the period of the Anti Japanese War, which has realized the high integration of the police and the people. They have played a great role in assisting the police to safeguard the security of the accompanying capital and maintain the stability of the rear. The source and flow of the police system: after the transplantation from foreign countries, the beginning of the late Qing Dynasty, the initial development of the Republic of China and the improvement of the Nanjing national government in the early period. Two is to discuss the adjustment and adaptation process, the fate and the survival state of the modern police system from foreign countries in our country. Three, the modern police system is discussed. The Department was initially formed in the early period of the national government. Four is to demonstrate a series of reform measures taken to meet the needs of the war time after the outbreak of the war of resistance against the regular functions of the Chongqing police, and to give the Chongqing police of the accompanying capital a special function, such as the prevention of air strikes against enemy aircraft, and the elimination of the traitors, etc. in accordance with the development of the war situation. The five is to discuss the police of the accompanying capital. The reform of the educational system gives the identity of the wartime police "the army and the police", which has realized the expansion of the main body of the police in the wartime. Six, in the war situation, it explored and founded the Volunteer Police System in the wartime. The victory of the war of resistance in the war of resistance has expired 70th anniversary, and the competition for the post war international rank is still continuing. The current international relations are wrong. In a comprehensive way, the surrounding security situation in our country is severe. The achievements and shortcomings of the national wartime police reform more than 70 years ago are undoubtedly of important warning and reference significance to the development of our police administration in the new period. The whole set of policing rules and regulations is still worthy of reference and reference in the process of national police reform. The reform of police and administration in Chongqing is a miniature of the development of national wartime police and politics. It is of great significance to maintaining the social order of the accompanying capital, the security of the rear and the support of the victory of anti war, and more enlightening the future generations to remember the calendar. History, and actively draw on the valuable value of absorbing the wartime police development, and constantly promote the development of China's police system to a more rational, standardized and civilized direction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D929

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