本文選題：戰(zhàn)時(shí) + 重慶��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：本文以戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都重慶的民事審判制度及其實(shí)踐為樣本,探討抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期大后方民事審判的實(shí)然狀態(tài),并對(duì)其戰(zhàn)時(shí)的社會(huì)功能和意義進(jìn)行評(píng)析。 1937—1945年,大半個(gè)中國(guó)變成戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)區(qū)正常的民事司法秩序基本陷入停頓。而遠(yuǎn)離戰(zhàn)線的大后方,社會(huì)環(huán)境相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,國(guó)民政府的民事法律基本能夠得到正常運(yùn)行。但民事審判不管是在法律依據(jù)的制度層面還是審判實(shí)踐方面都因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)而發(fā)生了一定變化�？箲�(zhàn)大后方,泛指遠(yuǎn)離抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前線的以四川為中心,以西南其他省為重點(diǎn)的,我國(guó)西南部和西北地區(qū)。若就在抗戰(zhàn)中的地位和作用而言,西南重鎮(zhèn)重慶作為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都,是中國(guó)抗戰(zhàn)的大本營(yíng)、世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)東方戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)統(tǒng)帥部所在地,全國(guó)政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化及外交中樞,戰(zhàn)略大后方的中心。重慶可謂戰(zhàn)時(shí)中國(guó)大后方的一個(gè)縮影,堪為抗戰(zhàn)大后方研究最典型的“樣板”。對(duì)于戰(zhàn)時(shí)司法的研究,主要是在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間有一些理論成果,而專(zhuān)門(mén)就戰(zhàn)時(shí)的民事審判進(jìn)行研究,目前學(xué)界還幾乎沒(méi)有相關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)成果。因而,對(duì)于“非常時(shí)期”的國(guó)家民事審判的研究具有較為重要的理論和實(shí)踐價(jià)值。本文的創(chuàng)新主要在于：第一,選題比較新穎,目前還沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)對(duì)抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期民事審判的研究成果；第二,使用了大量的、抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)期間的、重慶的民事訴訟檔案,可以真實(shí)展現(xiàn)大后方民事審判的實(shí)踐；第三,結(jié)合史學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)的研究方法,在梳理民國(guó)民事審判制度的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)的同時(shí),將民事審判制度置于整個(gè)歷史發(fā)展背景中,總結(jié)戰(zhàn)時(shí)大后方的民事審判特點(diǎn)和價(jià)值。 全文分為四個(gè)部分,第一部分是抗戰(zhàn)大后方的核心重慶民事審判運(yùn)行環(huán)境的變化,包括適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)的政治生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系和社會(huì)生活諸方面的變化。第二部分是戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判的法律依據(jù)。第三部分是從民事審判程序和實(shí)體兩個(gè)角度真實(shí)展現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判的實(shí)踐,分析其程序上的變化以及與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)密切相關(guān)的案例,包括典權(quán)回贖、房屋租賃以及管制物品買(mǎi)賣(mài)的案件等。第四部分是對(duì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判的特點(diǎn)、大后方民事審判的社會(huì)意義做評(píng)析。 本文共有五章。 第一章描述抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期重慶的民事審判運(yùn)行環(huán)境。國(guó)民政府遷渝后,權(quán)力更加集中,形成為黨政軍一體化的政府；經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)為管制經(jīng)濟(jì),對(duì)于戰(zhàn)略物資和有關(guān)民生的一些物資實(shí)行統(tǒng)管,進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格控制；物資短缺,通貨膨脹加劇,物價(jià)飛漲,人民生活困苦；在陪都重慶的司法機(jī)構(gòu)包括司法院、最高法院,以及四川高等法院第一分院、重慶地方法院。為了簡(jiǎn)化訴訟程序,司法行政部還在重慶進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)地方法院的改革,建立璧山和重慶實(shí)驗(yàn)地方法院。 第二章闡述戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判的法律依據(jù)。戰(zhàn)時(shí)大后方包括重慶的民事審判基本都是在《中華民國(guó)民法》以及《中華民國(guó)民事訴訟法》的框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的,其審判所依據(jù)的基本原則和內(nèi)容都較之平時(shí)沒(méi)有發(fā)生較大變化。但為了應(yīng)對(duì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)的特殊需要,國(guó)家也頒布了一些戰(zhàn)時(shí)特別法,包括《非常時(shí)期民事訴訟補(bǔ)充條例》——有關(guān)戰(zhàn)時(shí)適用特別的民事審判程序的法律,也包括《非常時(shí)期重慶市土地買(mǎi)賣(mài)租賃暫行辦法》、《非常時(shí)期重慶市房屋租賃暫行辦法》等對(duì)《中華民國(guó)民法》有所變通的關(guān)于實(shí)體權(quán)利的民事法律。 第三章利用重慶檔案館館藏司法檔案真實(shí)展現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都重慶的民事審判程序。為了迅速解決民事糾紛,減少民眾“訟累”,國(guó)民政府突破法律的文本“最高法院唯一”的規(guī)定,增設(shè)最高法院分院；簡(jiǎn)化民事訴訟程序,加強(qiáng)法官職權(quán)推動(dòng)訴訟進(jìn)行,嚴(yán)格審限,厲行調(diào)解及和解。 第四章分析與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)密切相關(guān)的幾類(lèi)典型的民事案例。重慶檔案館館藏民事案卷浩繁,本文的寫(xiě)作無(wú)意也無(wú)法提供對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)民事審判實(shí)踐完整、全面的論述和評(píng)析,只有選擇在戰(zhàn)時(shí)影響較大,與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有最大關(guān)聯(lián)性的案例進(jìn)行分析。在抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的大后方,由于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)行統(tǒng)制,物資匱乏,通貨膨脹加劇,政治權(quán)力高度集中,很多人集中涌入重慶等地,造成房屋、土地資源的緊張等因素對(duì)于民事法律關(guān)系的影響,在民事審判中都得到了體現(xiàn)。法院如何依據(jù)法律處理因此而引起的限制物品買(mǎi)賣(mài)、典權(quán)回贖權(quán)、房屋租賃買(mǎi)賣(mài)等問(wèn)題是本文關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。 當(dāng)然,制定法本身與法律實(shí)踐并不必然對(duì)立,而且往往是一致的,但是我們總是愿意更多地關(guān)注兩者可能出現(xiàn)的差異和背離。本文的第三章和第四章也是主要論述了戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判實(shí)踐與戰(zhàn)前,甚至是戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事法律文本的某些不同或者特別之處。 第五章對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)大后方民事審判制度與實(shí)踐進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。戰(zhàn)時(shí)的民事審判在非常時(shí)期具有執(zhí)行國(guó)家政策和解決民事糾紛的“雙面孔”：既要堅(jiān)持司法的公平與獨(dú)立,又要“良好”執(zhí)行國(guó)家政策；既要及時(shí)、有效率地解決糾紛,又要維護(hù)整個(gè)社會(huì)生活秩序的穩(wěn)定。國(guó)民政府頒布許多特殊的民事法律,甚至是一些戰(zhàn)時(shí)的政策,這些規(guī)范經(jīng)過(guò)運(yùn)行,都實(shí)現(xiàn)了社會(huì)功能,只不過(guò)有些達(dá)到理想或者滿意效果而有一些則是負(fù)效果。但是制度層面與民事審判實(shí)踐的某些脫節(jié),并不能抹煞戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判在中國(guó)民事法律制度史中具有重要的影響,甚至是對(duì)我們現(xiàn)行的民事法律制度建設(shè)的重要啟示。 本文采用法律史學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)的研究方法。法制史的研究主要是真實(shí)反映曾經(jīng)在歷史存在的法律制度的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和演變狀況,往往停留在法律文本本身的研究和解讀,忽視反映法律運(yùn)作的真實(shí)狀況。法律制度的本身和法律效果在社會(huì)中實(shí)現(xiàn)的過(guò)程,必然受到政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等諸多因素的影響,尤其是審判的法官對(duì)于糾紛的“事實(shí)”如何選擇,以至于最后如何運(yùn)用法律規(guī)定,都會(huì)影響到法律的最后效果,所以還要運(yùn)用社會(huì)學(xué)的研究方法。本文主要以重慶檔案館館藏的重慶司法檔案為主要依據(jù),在梳理戰(zhàn)前及大后方國(guó)民政府的民事司法制度變化的基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判制度的實(shí)際運(yùn)作情況,著重展現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)時(shí)國(guó)民政府的民事審判具有較強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性,能夠根據(jù)社會(huì)的變化,及時(shí)調(diào)整內(nèi)容,完善立法,培養(yǎng)法官的專(zhuān)業(yè)素養(yǎng),保障司法獨(dú)立、公正,最終提高民事審判效率,妥善、迅速解決民事糾紛,真正維護(hù)大后方社會(huì)秩序的穩(wěn)定。盡管戰(zhàn)時(shí)的民事審判有一定的局限性,但其對(duì)戰(zhàn)后國(guó)民政府的民事法律制度發(fā)展做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。 本文的不足之處：還需要補(bǔ)充大量的資料,以盡量接近戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判的原貌；還需要在本文的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判的變化與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行理論提升。另外,戰(zhàn)時(shí)民事審判對(duì)于戰(zhàn)后民事法律制度的具體影響仍需要進(jìn)一步研究。
[Abstract]:This article takes the civil trial system and its practice as samples in the wartime capital of Chongqing , probes into the actual state of the civil trial in the rear of the Anti - Japanese War , and evaluates the social function and significance of the wartime .

In 1937 - 1945 , half of China became the battlefield , and the war led to a halt in the normal civil judicial order in the war zone .
Second , the use of a great deal of civil action files in Chongqing during the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan can truly demonstrate the practice of the civil trial in the rear .
Third , combining the research methods of historiography and sociology , the civil trial system is put in the background of historical development , and the characteristics and value of the civil trial behind the war time are summarized .

The whole text is divided into four parts , the first part is the change of the operation environment of the core Chongqing in the rear of the War of Resistance , including the political ecology , economic relations and social life of the war situation . The second part is the legal basis of the civil trial in wartime . The third part is the case of the civil trial in wartime . The fourth part is to analyze the characteristics of the civil trial in wartime and the social significance of the civil trial in the rear .

There are five chapters in this paper .

The first chapter describes the operation environment of the civil trial in Chongqing during the period of Anti - Japanese War .
The economic foundation is the control of the economy , and the control of strategic materials and some materials related to the livelihood of the people concerned is strictly controlled ;
Shortage of goods , aggravated inflation , soaring prices and poor people ' s lives ;
In order to simplify the procedure , the Ministry of Justice and Administration has carried out the reform of the local courts in Chongqing to set up a local court for the experiment in Chongqing .

The second chapter expounds the legal basis of the civil trial in wartime . The basic principles and contents of the trial in Chongqing include the civil procedure of the Republic of China and the civil procedure law of the Republic of China . However , in order to deal with the special needs of the wartime , the state also promulgated some wartime special laws , including the supplementary regulation of civil action during the extraordinary period , the temporary scheme for the application of special civil judicial procedure in wartime , and the civil law on the entity ' s rights which have changed in the civil law of Chongqing .

Chapter three shows the civil trial procedure in Chongqing of wartime capital by using the judicial file of Chongqing archives library . In order to solve the civil dispute quickly , reduce the people ' s " lawsuit tired " , the national government breaks through the text of the law , the only provisions of the Supreme Court , and adds the Supreme Court Branch ;
Simplify the civil procedure , strengthen the judge ' s authority to promote litigation , strictly limit , and practice mediation and reconciliation .

Chapter four analyzes the typical civil cases closely related to the war . The author ' s writing is not intended to provide a complete and comprehensive discussion and analysis of the civil trial practice .

Of course , the formulation of law itself is not necessarily contradictory to the practice of law , but it is often consistent , but we are always willing to pay more attention to the differences and deviations that both may arise . Chapters 3 and 4 of this paper also mainly discuss some differences or special features of civil trial practice and pre - war , even wartime civil legal texts .

The fifth chapter evaluates the system and practice of the civil trial in the rear of the War of Resistance . During the period of war , the civil trial has the " double faces " for the implementation of the national policy and the settlement of the civil dispute in a very period of time : to insist on the fairness and independence of the judiciary , and to implement the national policy well ;
In order to solve the disputes in a timely and efficient manner , and to safeguard the stability of the whole social life order , many special civil laws , even some wartime policies , have been promulgated by the National Government , which have realized the social function , but some have achieved the ideal or satisfactory results , and some are negative effects . However , some aspects of the system level and the civil trial practice cannot erase the important influence of the civil trial in China in the history of China ' s civil law system , and even the important revelation to the construction of our current civil law system .

The research on the history of legal system is mainly based on the study and interpretation of the historical existence of the legal system , the development and the evolution of the legal system , and the fact that the legal system has a strong adaptability to the civil justice system of the wartime national government .

The weakness of this paper is that a large amount of information is needed to be as close as possible to the original appearance of the civil trial in wartime ;
On the basis of this article , it is also necessary to promote the relationship between the changes of civil trial and war in wartime . In addition , the specific influence of civil trial in wartime on the civil legal system after the war still needs further study .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D929;D925.1

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