本文選題：自然狀態(tài)　切入點：自然法　出處：《南京師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：霍布斯“自然法”理論是指在《法律要義》、《論公民》和《利維坦》中霍布斯提出來的一系列個人由原初的自然狀態(tài)進(jìn)入政治社會所必須要遵循的規(guī)則所形成的理論。在這三部著作中的“自然法”是連接個人與國家的紐帶,也是主權(quán)國家權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)的藍(lán)圖。在經(jīng)歷英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以及自身理論完善之后,霍布斯對自由的概念有了不同認(rèn)識,即從認(rèn)為處于主權(quán)國家中的個人只需要保存自己的必要自由,主權(quán)者可以任意剝奪其他自由;之后發(fā)現(xiàn)公民自由的新元素,即主權(quán)者的法律沒有禁止的行為就是自由;到最后認(rèn)為限制自由的只是外在的障礙,由內(nèi)在恐懼而產(chǎn)生的障礙并不能限制公民自由。而霍布斯“自然法”理論也經(jīng)由《法律要義》的雛形,《論公民》的發(fā)展成型,以及《利維坦》中的最終完善。在《利維坦》中霍布斯認(rèn)為個人平等的天賦能力以及自利的天性造就了人類最初的自然狀態(tài),但自然狀態(tài)的特點卻是孤獨、貧困、卑污殘忍而短壽的人人為戰(zhàn)的狀態(tài),這種狀態(tài)顯然與個人趨利避害的理性相違背。因此,霍布斯以自然狀態(tài)為出發(fā)點,以自然狀態(tài)下人的恐懼和理性為基礎(chǔ)創(chuàng)立“自然法”,并以“自然法”為手段將自然狀態(tài)下的個人轉(zhuǎn)變成政治社會的公民。為符合人趨利避害的理性以及個人天賦能力的平等,霍布斯將“自然法”體系分為四個部分,這四個部分的自然法前后相互推演,以首要自然法為原則組成有機(jī)體。首先,首要自然法確定整個自然法體系的原則為擺脫自然狀態(tài)為目的尋求和平信守和平;其次,是以“契約”自然法為手段建立契約形成人與人之間的和平共同體,為了確保契約得到遵守霍布斯在契約自然法中引入了政治社會的道德基礎(chǔ),并對正義的概念進(jìn)行詮釋以及引入社會性規(guī)則讓共同體中的人們可以更加合群;再次,在通過“契約”建立共同體后霍布斯將“平等”的理論引入自然法確定共同體中人與人之間的平等關(guān)系,并在此基礎(chǔ)上實現(xiàn)個人之間權(quán)利的平等;自然法的最后一部分是關(guān)于“公斷人”的規(guī)定,借助“公斷人”自然法霍布斯將公權(quán)力歸于主權(quán)者并完成建立政治國家的藍(lán)圖。在完成由自然狀態(tài)向政治社會的轉(zhuǎn)變之后,“自然法”內(nèi)在理論邏輯的影響(除霍布斯的宗教神學(xué)觀外)主要有兩個方面,一方面是由“自然法”而產(chǎn)生代表,并通過代表之一制度最終形成了集所有讓渡權(quán)利于一身讓所有人都恐懼的單一人格的主權(quán)者即“偉大利維坦”。另一方面,霍布斯將自然法與民約法相分離,指出與自然法不同民約法是主權(quán)者制定的法律,正是這一理論啟示了之后的分析實證法學(xué)派學(xué)者,并且直到現(xiàn)在仍有不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為其理論屬于分析實證法學(xué)派;但是之后霍布斯又將自然法與民約法合并,并指自然法是對主權(quán)者制定的民約法的不足的補(bǔ)充,這也是霍布斯的理論被學(xué)界認(rèn)定為屬于自然法學(xué)派的主要原因。
[Abstract]:Hobbes'"natural law" theory refers to a series of rules that Hobbes must follow when he enters the political society from the original natural state in the main points of Law, on Citizen and Leviathan.The natural law in these three works is the link between individual and state and the blueprint of sovereign state power structure.After the British Civil War and the perfection of his own theory, Hobbes had a different understanding of the concept of freedom, that is, from the view that the individual in the sovereign state only needs to preserve his necessary freedom, the sovereign can arbitrarily deprive other freedoms;After that, it was found that the new element of civil liberties, that is, the actions not prohibited by the sovereign, was freedom; at last, what restricted freedom was only external obstacles, and the obstacles caused by internal fears could not restrict civil liberties.Hobbes' theory of natural law was formed by the rudiments of the meaning of Law, the development of Citizen, and the perfection of Leviathan.Hobbes believes in Leviathan that the natural state of man was created by the natural ability and self-interest of the individual, but the state of nature was characterized by loneliness, poverty, cruelty, and a state of war for all men and women.This state of affairs is obviously contrary to the rationality of the individual seeking advantages and avoiding harm.Therefore, Hobbes took the natural state as the starting point, established the "natural law" on the basis of human's fear and reason under the natural state, and transformed the individual under the natural state into the citizen of the political society by means of the "natural law".In order to ensure that the contract is respected, Hobbes introduces the moral foundation of political society in contract natural law, and interprets the concept of justice and introduces social rules so that people in the community can be more together.After the establishment of the Community through the contract, Hobbes introduced the theory of "equality" into the natural law to determine the equal relationship between human beings in the Community, and on this basis realized the equality of rights among individuals.After the transition from the natural state to the political society, the influence of the inherent theoretical logic of "natural law" (except Hobbes' religious theology) mainly has two aspects. On the one hand, it is represented by "natural law".The great Leviathan was finally formed by one of the representatives.On the other hand, Hobbes separates the natural law from the civil covenant law, and points out that the civil covenant law is the law made by the sovereign, and it is this theory that enlightens the scholars of the analytical positivist law school.However, Hobbes later merged the natural law with the civil law, and pointed out that the natural law was a supplement to the civil law made by the sovereign.This is also the main reason why Hobbes' theory is regarded by scholars as belonging to the school of natural law.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D90

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相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 楊鵬程;論霍布斯“自然法”理論的邏輯[D];南京師范大學(xué);2017年

2 蔣雨涵;《利維坦》中的人性觀與國家主權(quán)論及其影響[D];上海師范大學(xué);2017年

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本文編號：1730684