本文選題：美國被追訴人權(quán)利　切入點(diǎn)：憲法母法性　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)源起于英美法系，又以美國最為典型，美國被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)法律制度的不斷發(fā)展，對尊重人權(quán)，保護(hù)被追訴人合法權(quán)利不受侵害的世界性趨勢具有促進(jìn)作用。因此，將美國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利保護(hù)制度的優(yōu)勢，結(jié)合我國實(shí)際進(jìn)行比較分析，從而達(dá)到完善我國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利保護(hù)制度的目的，具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。本文主要從以下幾方面對此進(jìn)行論述： 第一部分，被追訴人權(quán)利概述。盧梭曾說：“人是生而自由，但卻又無往不在枷鎖中�！笨梢姍�(quán)利對于人們的重要性，因此，我們首先要對權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)、價(jià)值進(jìn)行分析，并對被追訴人權(quán)利的內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行闡述。然后，說明被追訴人權(quán)利是由自然法理論中的人權(quán)以及憲法所賦予的。最后，將被追訴人權(quán)利進(jìn)行實(shí)體法與程序法權(quán)利、刑事法與憲法權(quán)利的分類。 第二部分，美國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利與憲法依據(jù)。我們從權(quán)利在美國法律中的布局談起，說明限制公權(quán)力以及對被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)的重要性，并闡述美國刑事法律對被追訴人權(quán)利的規(guī)定與憲法不可分離。因?yàn)椋瑧椃ㄊ菄腋敬蠓�，發(fā)揮著憲法母性作用，將美國刑事法律對被追訴人權(quán)利的保護(hù)已上升至憲法化，這主要體現(xiàn)在美國的權(quán)利法案與美國聯(lián)邦憲法第十四修正案之中。 第三部分，美國刑法的被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)。這里我們從五個(gè)方面對美國被追訴人權(quán)利的刑法保護(hù)進(jìn)行介紹。第一，排除事后法。美國聯(lián)邦憲法禁止聯(lián)邦政府及各州政府頒布追溯既往的法律；第二，剝奪公民權(quán)利。美國聯(lián)邦憲法禁止聯(lián)邦政府及各州政府頒布剝奪公民權(quán)利的法案，并且在很多州的憲法中也同樣做出了類似的至少一項(xiàng)或兩項(xiàng)這樣的規(guī)定；第三，平等保護(hù)。如果法官對被追訴人不公平的持有偏見，那么，審判的進(jìn)行就會是不公平的。自聯(lián)邦憲法第五修正案以及第十四條修正案頒布以后，無偏見審判的概念就深深地嵌入了美國的法律和司法工作人員的職業(yè)信條中；第四，隱私權(quán)。隱私權(quán)是美國憲法中的一個(gè)重要概念，同樣也是民事侵權(quán)行為法的概念。如果某些人或事物給他人帶來了精神上的困擾，此時(shí)可以稱之為侵權(quán)，這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)﹄[私權(quán)的保護(hù)則顯得尤為重要；第五，禁止殘酷刑。聯(lián)邦憲法第八修正案規(guī)定：“額外的保釋，以及額外的懲罰費(fèi)用都是不允許的，殘酷、不正常的刑法手段也是一樣的�！边@種對于殘酷、不正常懲戒手段的禁止已經(jīng)美國司法中的一條通用的制度。除了康乃迪克州和佛蒙特州，每個(gè)州都有相似條款。 第四部分，美國刑事訴訟法的被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)。這里我們從九個(gè)方面對美國被追訴人保護(hù)的刑事訴訟法權(quán)利進(jìn)行介紹。第一，獲得律師幫助的權(quán)利。美國聯(lián)邦憲法第六修正案規(guī)定：“被追訴人有獲得律師幫助的權(quán)利�！边@包括聘請律師的權(quán)利和法院為貧困被追訴人指定律師的義務(wù)；第二，禁止一案再審原則。美國聯(lián)邦最高法院曾作出過決定，一案不再審不僅在聯(lián)邦具有司法權(quán)的范圍內(nèi)有效，在各州也同樣普遍適用。當(dāng)然，這樣規(guī)定的前提是在一個(gè)行政單位的范圍內(nèi)，即同在聯(lián)邦具有司法權(quán)的范圍內(nèi)或者在同一州的行政范圍內(nèi)；第三，尊重人格。在刑事訴訟過程中尊重個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)的正當(dāng)理由在于，根據(jù)社會契約的內(nèi)在要求，所有人都有受到政府對其尊嚴(yán)尊重的權(quán)利。另外，基于刑罰的嚴(yán)厲性、刑事訴訟對被追訴人社會地位減損的可能性和社會公憤等因素，在刑事訴訟程序中確保對個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)的尊重，是尊重個(gè)人自由與遵守社會法制的必要條件。尊重個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)對于使公眾接受訴訟程序，尊重法律裁決具有重要意義；第四，非法證據(jù)排除。在美國非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則是為了維護(hù)特定法律價(jià)值以及公民憲法基本權(quán)利而創(chuàng)設(shè)的規(guī)則。這一規(guī)則與美國的憲法息息相關(guān)，美國聯(lián)邦憲法第四修正案規(guī)定的不受無理搜查和扣押的權(quán)利、第五修正案規(guī)定的不受強(qiáng)迫自證其罪的權(quán)利、第六修正案規(guī)定的獲得律師幫助的權(quán)利以及第十四修正案規(guī)定的“正當(dāng)法律程序”，直接或者間接因侵犯以上憲法性權(quán)利所獲得的證據(jù)，皆可能為該規(guī)則所施用之對象；第五，禁止自證其罪。禁止自證其罪是憲法賦予被追訴人的一項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利。被追訴人沒有證明自己是清白或有罪的責(zé)任。相反，這是正應(yīng)該是司法部門的職責(zé)，證明司法部門的猜疑；第六，知情權(quán)。美國聯(lián)邦憲法第六修正案規(guī)定了在所有刑事指控中，受指控一方擁有被告知所受指控的性質(zhì)和理由的權(quán)利。各州憲法具有相似規(guī)定，并通常用幾乎完全相同的詞語表述出來，一些甚至更加明確易懂；第七，迅速審判。聯(lián)邦憲法第六修正案規(guī)定保證針對被追訴人進(jìn)行的所有審判都是迅速、公開的，并且，在全美四十一個(gè)州都有類似的法律規(guī)定，其余的州也以庭上決定等方式確保了被追訴人的這項(xiàng)權(quán)利；第八，關(guān)于逮捕、搜查及扣押人身、住所和文件。美國聯(lián)邦憲法第四修正案規(guī)定了拒絕非法逮捕的權(quán)利，，每個(gè)人都具有拒絕非法逮捕的權(quán)利，而且為防止此類對人身自由的非法限制，必要的情況下公民可以使用武力。另外，美國憲法第四修正案規(guī)定：“公民的人身，住所，文件和財(cái)產(chǎn)不受非法搜查、扣押的權(quán)利不容侵犯。除非基于合理根據(jù)，受宣誓或附誓證言支持，并具體說明搜查地點(diǎn)和被扣押的人或物的情況，否則搜查令不得簽發(fā)”；第九，無罪推定原則。美國憲法修正案中的正當(dāng)程序條款要求，不得在證明有罪之前推定任何人有罪，簡單地說任何人在未經(jīng)證實(shí)及判決有罪之前，應(yīng)視其無罪。無罪推定所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對返祖日恩所指控的罪行，必須有充分、確鑿、有效的證據(jù)，如果審判中不能證明其有罪，就應(yīng)推定其無罪。 第五部分，美國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利保護(hù)的比較分析。通過比較分析的方法總結(jié)美國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利保護(hù)制度的優(yōu)勢，其特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)為憲法貫徹性、保護(hù)平等性、保護(hù)全面性、理念貫穿性，體現(xiàn)出美國對被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利保護(hù)是通過憲法化、平等化、全面化以及人權(quán)理念貫徹化的法律進(jìn)行規(guī)定的。以此與我國實(shí)際相結(jié)合，得出兩國的相同點(diǎn)與不同點(diǎn)，從中看出兩國在被追訴人權(quán)利的布局以及憲法母法性等方面的不同，我國在被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)的法律規(guī)定上還有一定的不足，因此，我國應(yīng)分別運(yùn)用憲法與人權(quán)的基本精神，實(shí)體法與程序法的規(guī)定對被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)進(jìn)行多元協(xié)調(diào)的規(guī)制與完善。 第六部分，我國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利保護(hù)的完善。我們通過上文的比較分析，對我國被追訴人刑事法律權(quán)利的完善提出建議，闡述說明對于我國被追訴人權(quán)利刑事法律的完善應(yīng)該多元協(xié)調(diào)，平衡各方面利益，保證憲法的母法性，維護(hù)人權(quán)的基本要求，并從實(shí)體與程序兩方面入手，具體提出對我國被追訴人權(quán)利保護(hù)制度的完善建議。
[Abstract]:From the following aspects , this article mainly discusses the following aspects :

In the first part , the author ' s rights are summarized . " People are born free , but they don ' t go to the chains . " The visible rights are of importance to people . Therefore , we should first analyze the rights and the connotation of the rights of the accused . Then , the author points out that the right of the person to be prosecuted is given by the human rights in the theory of natural law and the constitution . Finally , the author ' s right to be prosecuted is divided into substantive law and procedural law right , criminal law and constitutional right .

In the second part , the United States is prosecuted for criminal legal rights and constitutional grounds . We discuss the importance of restricting the public power and the protection of the rights of the prosecuted person from the layout of the rights in the law of the United States . The constitution is the fundamental law of the State and plays a constitutional mother role , and the protection of the rights of the prosecuted person has risen to the constitution , which is mainly reflected in the United States Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States .

In the third part , U.S . criminal law is protected by the prosecution ' s rights . Here we introduce the protection of the criminal law of the right to be prosecuted in the United States from five aspects . First , to rule out the post - law . The Federal Constitution of the United States prohibits the federal government and the state governments to enact retroactive laws ;
Second , denial of citizenship . The Federal Constitution of the United States prohibits the federal government and state governments to enact laws that deprive citizens of civil rights and , in many states ' constitutions , also make similar at least one or two such provisions ;
Third , equal protection . If a judge has a bias against the person being prosecuted , the conduct of the trial would be unfair . After the enactment of the Fifth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and the amendment to the 14th Amendment , the concept of unbiased trial was deeply embedded in the professional tenets of the United States law and judicial staff ;
Fourth , the right to privacy is an important concept in the American constitution , and it is also the concept of civil tort law . If some people or things bring spiritual troubles to others , it can be called torts . At this time , it is especially important to protect the right to privacy .
Fifthly , the brutal sentence is prohibited . The Eighth Amendment to the Federal Constitution provides that " additional bail - out , as well as additional penalties , are not allowed , cruel and irregular criminal means are the same . " This prohibition of cruel , non - normal disciplinary measures has been a common system in the administration of justice in the United States .

Part IV . Protection of the rights of the accused in the United States Code of Criminal Procedure . Here we introduce the rights of the criminal procedure law that the United States has sought to protect from nine aspects . First , the right to legal assistance is obtained . The Sixth Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States provides that " the accused has the right to obtain a lawyer ' s help . " This includes the right of a lawyer and the obligation of the court to appoint a lawyer for the person against whom poverty is prosecuted ;
Second , the principle of re - examination of a case is prohibited . The Supreme Court of the United States has made a decision that the case is no longer valid not only in the context of federal jurisdiction , but also in the states . Of course , the premise is within the scope of an administrative unit , i.e . within the jurisdiction of the Federation or within the administrative scope of the same state ;
Third , respect for personality . The legitimate reason for respecting personal dignity during criminal proceedings lies in that , according to the inherent requirement of social contract , all people have the right to respect the dignity of individual . In addition , it is necessary to ensure respect for personal dignity in the procedure of criminal procedure based on the inherent requirement of social contract .
Fourth , illegal evidence is ruled out . The rule of unlawful evidence exclusion in the United States is established in order to safeguard the specific legal value and the fundamental rights of the citizen ' s constitution . This rule is closely related to the constitution of the United States , and the fourth amendment of the Federal Constitution of the United States is not subject to the right of unreasonable search and seizure , the right to obtain the assistance provided by the fifth amendment , and the " due process " provided for in the fourteenth amendment , all of which may be subject to the rule ;
Fifthly , the crime of self - incrimination is prohibited . It is a fundamental right that the constitution gives the person to be prosecuted . The prosecuted person does not prove that he is innocent or guilty . On the contrary , it is the duty of the judiciary to prove the suspicion of the judiciary ;
Sixth , right to know . The Sixth Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States provides the right to be informed of the nature and the grounds of the allegations in all criminal charges . The State Constitution has similar provisions and is usually expressed in almost identical terms , some even more clearly understandable ;
Seventh , a speedy trial . The Sixth Amendment of the Federal Constitution provides that all trials conducted against the accused are promptly and openly , and that there are similar legal provisions in forty - one states in the United States , and that the rest of the state ensures the right of the person to be prosecuted in a manner such as a court decision ;
8 . With regard to the arrest , search and seizure of persons , houses and documents , the Fourth Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States provides for the right to refuse unlawful arrest , each of which has the right to refuse unlawful arrest and , in order to prevent such unlawful restrictions on the liberty of persons , the right of citizens to use force is not infringed .
9 . The principle of presumption of innocence . The due process clauses in the amendment to the Constitution of the United States require that no person be presumed innocent until proven guilty , simply saying that no person should be innocent until proven and convicted . The presumption of innocence emphasizes the need for adequate , conclusive and effective evidence of the crimes charged to the date of return , and that it should be presumed innocent if it is not proven guilty .

The fifth part , the comparative analysis of the protection of the legal rights of the accused in the United States . Through the comparative analysis , the author summarizes the advantages of the legal rights protection system in the United States .

In the sixth part , the author makes some suggestions on the perfection of the criminal legal rights of the prosecuted person in our country through the comparative analysis of the above - mentioned comparative analysis , and expounds that the perfection of the criminal law of the right of prosecution in our country should be multi - coordinated , balanced the interests of all parties , guarantee the mother - law of the constitution , safeguard the basic requirements of human rights , and begin with the two aspects of the entity and procedure , and put forward some suggestions for the perfection of the protection system of the person ' s rights in China .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D971.2;DD915.3

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