本文選題：典權　切入點：變遷　出處：《河南大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：典作為我國特有的民事法律制度，其產生、發(fā)展、流變、成熟，有其歷史必然性。中國歷史上，自北魏始實行計口授田的均田制。土地原則上屬于國家所有，為了保證每年都有田可授，自然禁止土地的自由買賣。然而國家的政策與民間客觀存在的土地流通需要相悖，典應運而生。據文獻記載至遲在南北朝時期已經出現了“典”的雛形。在“典”這一交易形式下，名義上保留了田宅所有人的“所有權”，規(guī)避了法律的懲罰，實質上典主獲得了產業(yè)的用益，業(yè)主則解了用錢之急。由于在同居共財的家族共產制下，以產業(yè)出典不會背負“變賣祖產”的不孝罵名，減輕了出典人的精神壓力，因而獲得了廣闊的發(fā)展空間。中唐以后，隨著均田制的瓦解，私有觀念加強，土地流轉已成事實，國家逐漸無力對“貼典”、“質賣”行為進行控制，于是逐漸默許、放任、直至承認民間“貼典”、“質賣”活動并向之征稅。本文嘗試從史料中梳理出唐時有關典的法律規(guī)定，歸納唐代典物權關系主客體范圍，總結唐代典權關系當事人的權利與義務，厘清典成立的程序性要求，還原唐代典的歷史樣態(tài)，為探討繼起的兩宋典權發(fā)展提供參照。 宋代不立田制，民得自由買賣土地，隨著商品經濟的發(fā)展，私有觀念的進一步深化，典得到了突飛猛進的發(fā)展�！端涡探y(tǒng)》增設“典賣指當論競物業(yè)”門，專章規(guī)定了民間典賣行為。本文以唐代典的法律規(guī)定作為參照，分述了兩宋典關系主客體，典雙方當事人的權利與義務，厘清得到官府承認的典的程序性要求，為進一步對比唐宋典權之變做好鋪墊。 本文從法律史的視野，觀察在唐宋之際社會變動的背景下的典發(fā)生了哪些變化。典權之變首先體現在成文法律規(guī)定上�！端涡探y(tǒng)》明確規(guī)定了典賣行為的主體、客體、立契、收贖、時效，還從反面規(guī)定了禁止性要件，并規(guī)定了違反該規(guī)定的法律責任。宋律還對居間行為人作出了具體的權利義務規(guī)定。宋代契約關系發(fā)達，反映在典權制度上就是官版契紙的推行，，印刷術的廣泛應用為其提供了技術支持。宋律繼承了唐律關于親鄰先買權的規(guī)定，并進一步規(guī)定了親鄰行使先買權的限制，賦予業(yè)主更大的利益保障，同時規(guī)定了相關人等欺詐行為的法律制裁，從而使親鄰先買權的規(guī)定更富人情味。宋律因時因事制宜，典權回贖時效不斷縮短，反映了商品經濟發(fā)展導致的土地流通的加快。總之，相比唐代，宋代法律對典的規(guī)定是細致而全面的。除了成文法規(guī)定的顯著變化外，在司法實踐上，典賣關系爭訟的數量北宋多于唐，南宋又多于北宋，典賣關系爭訟案件也呈現出復雜化趨勢，《名公書判清明集》便收錄了若干因典而起的爭產案件�？v觀史料所載的司法實例，或因富人不仁妄圖小民產業(yè)，或因不問親鄰至代有糾紛，或因偽造典契無證可對，或因牙人欺罔詐奸，宋代典權案件無論從數量上，還是復雜程度上，都遠遠超出了唐代典質案件。典在經歷了唐宋之變后基本定型，對后世元、明、清都產生了深遠的影響。 唐宋之際典權的演變有其深刻的歷史原因。中唐至北宋，完成了租佃制對均田制的取代，土地制度的變化是典權之變的最根本經濟原因。除了土地制度的變化外，商品經濟的發(fā)展和賦稅制度改革也為典權的發(fā)展變化提供了強勁的動力。同時，隨著私有觀念的深入人心，言利思想抬頭，合理的取財之道逐漸被社會認可。傳統(tǒng)義利觀的變化為典權之變提供了思想基礎。 唐宋之際系我國封建社會獲得大發(fā)展、大變化的時期，這種發(fā)展和變化表現在民事法律領域，就是典權的發(fā)展和變遷。自唐至宋，典權不斷從貼賣、典質、貼典中分化，在成文法中細化，在程序上簡化，在實際運作中完善和定型，對后世立法產生了深遠的影響。但從總體上看，“典”作為一種產生于民間而逐漸為官府所認可的行為規(guī)范，早在南北朝時期的北齊，以“帖賣”為早期形式的“典”已獲得官方的部分承認。唐統(tǒng)治者的貢獻是無奈于均田制的瓦解而不斷承認、認可這一習慣，而宋統(tǒng)治者的貢獻在于從正面規(guī)定了典權行為并不斷法律化、制度化。因此，就典權制度的發(fā)展而言，從唐到宋并非“變革”，而是存在明顯延續(xù)性的“變動”。
[Abstract]:As the code of civil law system, our country unique its generation, development, evolution, mature, has its historical inevitability. China history, beginning from the Northern Wei Dynasty by Tian dictated the land system. On the principle of land belonging to the state, in order to ensure that every field can be granted, natural land prohibited from free trading. However, the national folk policy and the objective existence of the land circulation to counter code came into being. It is documented as early as in the "code" of the prototype has appeared in the northern and Southern Dynasties. In the "code" of this transaction form, nominally retained all the "home ownership", to avoid the legal punishment, essence on the main code obtained industry owners usufruct solution with money urgently. Because of the cohabitation finances family under the Communist system, the industry does not have the origin of "selling patrimony" unfilial infamy, reduce the pawner mental pressure, thus obtained Broad space for development. In the Tang Dynasty, with the disintegration of the system, strengthen the concept of private land, has become a reality, the country gradually unable to "tie Dian", "quality control sell", then gradually acquiesced, laissez faire, until admitted the folk "tie Dian", "sell" and taxed this paper attempts to sort out the historical data from Tang Guan Dian law, summed up the relationship between subject and object property in Tang Dynasty, summed up the rights and obligations of the Tang Dynasty pawn party relations, clarify the procedural code requirements established, historical state reduction in Tang Dynasty, in order to provide reference to the discussion following the two song the development.
The Song Dynasty Li Tian, the free trade of land, with the development of commodity economy, the further deepening of the concept of private, code has been developed by leaps and bounds. The song code > Add "pawn when competing on the property," provisions of the folk pawn behaviors. In this paper, the law in Tang Dynasty as the reference points. The two Song: the relationship between subject and object, the rights and obligations of both parties of the code, to clarify the procedures of the government admitted code requirements, in order to pave the way for further comparison. The change of Tang and Song Dian
This paper from the perspective of legal history, observe social changes in Tang and Song Dynasty under the background of the code what happened. The change of Dien firstly embodies in written law. "Song punishment system clearly stipulates the subject, the object of trade behavior, redemption, deed, aging, but also from the opposite regulations prohibited the elements, and the provisions of the legal liability of the violation of the provisions of the law. The song of the mediator also made specific provisions on the rights and obligations. The contractual relationship developed, reflected in Dien was the official version of paper introduced the wide application of printing to provide technical support for the law of the Song Dynasty inherited the Tang Dynasty. On the neighborhood the preemption provisions, and further provisions and exercise the preemptive right to protect the interests of owners, the larger, and the provisions of the law of fraud related persons, so that the priority of relatives and neighbors could be more personal. The Song Dynasty law When Circumstances alter cases. continues to short time, pawn redemption, reflects the development of commodity economy leads to the speeding up of the land circulation. In short, compared to the Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty legal provisions of the code is detailed and comprehensive. In addition to the significant change of statute law provisions, in judicial practice, the number of trade relationship dispute more than the Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty Tang. More than the Northern Song Dynasty, trade relations dispute cases also showed a complex trend, "compilation of just verdicts by famous judges > will be included due to a number of typical cases. The production of contention throughout the historical data contained in the judicial case, or because of the rich people are small to industry, and to ask for or on behalf of a dispute, or because fake mortgage for undocumented or because of human teeth, deception fraud cases of adultery, the Song Dynasty pawning right in terms of quantity, but also in complexity, are far beyond the Tang Dynasty pawn cases. The basic shape of code after the Tang and Song Dynasties changed, after the world of yuan, Ming and Qing. Have a profound influence.
The evolution of the Tang and Song Dynasties has its profound historical reasons. In the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, completed the tenancy of the system to replace, the change of land system is the most fundamental reason for the change. The economic changes in the land system, the development of commodity economy and the tax system reform will provide a strong impetus for the development of the change of pawning right. At the same time, with the support of private ideas, Yan Li thought rise, money, reasonable way gradually recognized by society changes. The traditional view provides the ideological foundation for the change of Dien.
Tang and Song Dynasties, the feudal society of our country obtained great development, great change period, the development and changes in the field of civil law, is the development and change of the pawning right. Since the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the constantly from the post sell, mortgage, differentiation of paste code, detailed in the statute, simplified procedures. Improve and finalize the design in the actual operation, has a far-reaching influence on the later legislation. But in general, as a "code" produced in the civil code of conduct is gradually recognized by the government, in the early period of the northern and Southern Dynasties to the Northern Qi Dynasty, "post sell" was an early form of "code" has been obtained the official admitted. Part of the ruler of the Tang Dynasty's contribution is the collapse of the system and constantly helpless in admit, recognize the habit, and the ruler of the Song Dynasty's contribution is from the positive provisions of pawning right behavior and legalization, institutionalization. Therefore, on the pawning right system development, from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty It is not "change", but a "change" that has obvious continuity.

【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D923;D929

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本文編號：1581934