本文關(guān)鍵詞： 傳統(tǒng)文化 語境 憲政 富強　出處：《西南政法大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：鴉片戰(zhàn)爭一爆發(fā)就注定著中國三千年未有之大變局之開始，其變化實質(zhì)就是東方文明與西方文明的碰撞，也是三千年來東西方文明自身發(fā)展軌跡的碰撞。在這場碰撞中一直領先世界的中國文明在船堅利炮面前敗下陣來，不得不屈服于以自然科技和民主憲政為核心的西方物質(zhì)和制度文明。長期以先進文明為傲的中國人開始探索思考，悉心求索救國救民之路，如何實現(xiàn)國家的獨立富強。 西方文明以武力的方式進入中國改變著中國人對世界的看法、對封建專制的看法。其中，林則徐、魏源、徐繼ul等人首先開始睜眼看世界，主張“師夷長技以制夷”，主張向西方學習器物制度，學習它的船堅利炮，從而在軍事力量上對抗西方武裝侵略。這個觀點后面被洋務運動派曾國藩、李鴻章等體制之內(nèi)的官僚所吸收，在實踐層面上進行推廣，從長期封閉保守的封建桎梏中打開一道自由經(jīng)濟的缺口。以“自強”和“求富”為目標的洋務運動帶來的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有意無意地造就了新的資本家和新的官僚群體，培育了新的知識分子，傳播了新的思想理念。早期維新派就伴隨洋務運動而生，他們認為學習西方應以選擇憲政制度為第一要務，通過開議院、通民情達到君民共主，并批評洋務派只知道學習西方器物的局限性。而事實上，因為政治和文化保守主義的阻撓，洋務運動的“自強”和“求富”不可能獲得成功。甲午海戰(zhàn)就是深刻的例子。其失敗的直接原因是保守派與頑固派對購買先進武器的責難和阻撓。對此后果，李鴻章在1880年購買鐵甲船奏議中預言：“若機會一失，中國永無購鐵甲之日，既永無自強之日”。不幸的是，這一預言在甲午海戰(zhàn)中得到證明，同時它也證明改良派觀點的正確性。為此，康有為等維新派接過改良派的火炬登上歷史舞臺，在對孔子思想改造的基礎上上書光緒皇帝建議施行君主立憲制度；孫中山也在此時開始為推翻滿清專制、建立共和政府而發(fā)動武裝革命。至此，為獨立富強而要求立憲的種子在經(jīng)過長期的孕育之后開始生根發(fā)芽，并且它在孕育之初就包含了20世紀的立憲果實。 列強對華戰(zhàn)爭雖然在整體意義上是破壞的，但是其客觀效果卻加緊了立憲進程。雖然維新派因為頑固派的反撲而遭到失敗，但在八國聯(lián)軍侵華后頑固派卻被清算，民主立憲政治阻礙力量被大大削弱，朝廷政府痛定思痛之下也開始下諭新政。以1905年為界限，清末新政逐漸從經(jīng)濟領域到政治領域。經(jīng)濟決定上層建筑。1905前的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展給之后的立憲準備了一定的物質(zhì)基礎和階級基礎，其中典型的就是培育了覺悟較高、能力較強、視野較廣的立憲派�；诟粡娕c救亡的憲政效果認識，這些力量越來越壯大的立憲派要求立憲的聲音越來越高漲，加上革命運動越來越高漲和國際危機越來越嚴重的形勢迫使清政府不得不考慮立憲，以達到“皇權(quán)穩(wěn)固”、“外患減輕”、“消弭革命”的目的。清政府于是派出五大臣出洋考察憲政，下諭仿行憲政，先行官制改革，出臺《欽定憲法大綱》，設立資政院和咨議局，實施地方自治，初步實現(xiàn)了君主政體向立憲政體第一次轉(zhuǎn)變。但是由于后期政治形勢無法控制，加之清政府的“皇族內(nèi)閣”欺騙立憲派，各地立憲派大為失望，迫使清政府出臺《憲法重大信條十九條》。但為時已晚，武昌起義已經(jīng)斷送了它的救命價值。 縱觀晚清憲政富強之路，其過程完全置于傳統(tǒng)文化與政治的語境之下。每一步歷程都凝聚著探索者的艱辛與辛苦，甚至生命。但是憲政本身是一個舶來品。它在西方的發(fā)展歷程告訴我們其具有上千年的歷史，其存在的條件依賴于一定程度的社會背景、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、公民意識和憲政文化等等。要想在與西方社會完全迥異的中國社會中“畢其功于一役”是不可能的。如何與中國本土文化、政治生態(tài)以及國民意識有機共存并相互促進，就是一個長期努力奮斗的過程。這亟需國民的耐心與妥協(xié)，也需要當政者的高瞻遠矚和非凡智慧。但是，，清末憲政實施沒有這些起碼的條件，尤其是在慈禧太后和光緒皇帝去世后更沒有這種可以擔當?shù)娜宋铮云渥罱K沒有成功。反而因為滿洲貴族的自私自利埋葬了寶貴的立憲救贖機會，最終成為自身的掘墓人。究其原因，筆者認為系清朝既有制度和政治生態(tài)本身無法克服的矛盾而決定：皇權(quán)體制與民主憲政的矛盾、滿漢之間的矛盾、中央與地方的矛盾、傳統(tǒng)文化與憲政思想的矛盾。而在偶然性上講，如果當時的掌權(quán)者是光緒，而不是慈禧，可能事情就會順利一點。但歷史不容假設，也正是這樣給人們開了一個玩笑，使得中國人付出上百年的代價，一直到今天。
[Abstract]:The Opium War broke out three thousand years to China doomed with no great changes, its essence is the change of the collision of eastern and Western civilizations, but also three thousand years of Western civilization in their own development path. In this collision collision has been in front of the ship Jianli cannon defeated the world's leading China to civilization. Yield to Western material and institutional civilization in natural science and democracy as the core. In the long-term advanced civilization is proud of the Chinese began to explore the thinking of seeking care, saving the country's road, how to realize the independence and prosperity of the country.
Western civilization to force a way into the China Chinese changing view of the world, the feudal autocratic view. Among them, Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Xu Ji UL et al first began to open your eyes and see the world, advocates "learning technology to the barbarians", advocated the objects to study western learning system, its ship Kenny cannon to fight Western armed aggression in military power. The idea behind the westernization movement represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang absorbed within the bureaucratic system, promotion in practice, from the long-term conservative feudal shackles opened a self by the economic gap. In "Westernization Movement self-reliance" and "for the rich" as the goal to bring economic development to create a new capitalist naturally or half unconsciously and new bureaucratic groups, cultivate new intellectuals, dissemination of new ideas. The early reformers with westernization movement. And they think For learning the West should to choose the first constitutional system, through the open house, through the people reached the constitutional monarchy, and criticized the westernization movement only know the limitations of Western learning objects. But in fact, because of the political and cultural conservatism obstruct the Westernization Movement of "self-reliance" and "rich" can not get the Sino Japanese war is successful. Profound examples. The direct reason is the failure of the Conservative Party and stubborn buy advanced weapons of blame and obstruction. In consequence, Li Hongzhang predicted that buy ironclads memorials in 1880: "if the opportunity loss, Chinese never purchase armor, not only without the self-reliance of the unfortunate day." yes, this prediction has been proved in the Sino Japanese War, it also proved the correctness of the reformist view. Therefore, Kang Youwei and other reformers took the reformist torch boarded the stage of history, based on the transformation of Confucius's Thought on The book the emperor suggested the implementation of constitutional monarchy; Sun Zhongshan had begun to overthrow the Qing monarchy, the founding of the Republic and launched an armed revolution. Thus, for the independence and constitutional requirements after a long gestation seed germination and it begins to take root, in pregnant at the beginning of twentieth Century. The fruit contains a constitutional
Although the war powers in the overall sense is destroyed, but the result is stepping up a constitutional process. Although the reformers because the die hards and counterattack failed, but in the Eight Power Allied forces after the die hards are liquidated, democratic constitutional political obstacle is greatly weakened, the government also began under the king as a warning for the future the new deal. In 1905 as the boundary, in the late Qing Dynasty gradually from the economic field to the political field. The economy determines the superstructure.1905 before the economic development to prepare constitutionalism after certain material and class basis, which is typical of the cultivation of higher consciousness, strong ability, wide view of Constitutionalism Faction. Understanding prosperity and salvation the effect of these forces based on the constitutionalism, constitutional growing constitutional sends the request sounds more and more high, and the revolutionary movement rising and the international crisis more and more serious The situation forced the Qing government to consider constitutional, in order to achieve the "imperial solid", "foreign aggression," reduce "eliminate revolution". The Qing government sent five minister go abroad to study constitutional decree follow constitutional reform, first, the introduction of "imperial constitution outline", set up information administration institute and the Advisory Council, the implementation of local autonomy and initially realized the monarchy to constitutional regime change for the first time. But because of the late political situation can not be controlled, so the Qing government's "Royal cabinet" to deceive the constitutionalists, around the constitutionalists greatly disappointed, forced the Qing government promulgated "the constitution of nineteen significant creeds. But it was too late, the Wuchang uprising has ruined its life value.
Throughout the late Qing constitutional road to prosperity under the context of the process in traditional culture and politics. Every step of the process embodies the explorer of the hardships and hard work, and even life. But the Constitution itself is an exotic. It tells us the development process in the West has a history of thousands of years, the existing conditions of dependence to a certain degree of social background, economic development, civic awareness and constitutional culture and so on. In order to completely different from western society Chinese society "accomplish the whole task at one stroke" is not possible. How to China and local culture, political ecology and national consciousness organic coexistence and mutual promotion, is a long-term effort struggle and compromise to the patient. The national needs of those in power and intellect to look far ahead from a high plane. However, none of these constitutional implementation of minimum conditions, especially in the Empress Dowager Ci Xi and light After the emperor's death and no thread can play this character, so the final without success. But because of the nobility of Manchuria buried precious constitutional egoistic redemption opportunities, eventually becoming its own gravedigger. The reason, I think the Department of Qing Dynasty as the contradiction system and political ecological itself cannot overcome the contradiction and decide: Imperial System democratic constitutionalism and the contradiction between man and the contradiction between the central and local governments, the contradiction between the traditional culture and constitutional thought. But in the contingency perspective, if the ruler is in, and not Ci Xi, may everything will go a bit. But history can not be assumed, it is to give people a a joke, the Chinese pay hundreds of years of price, until today.

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D929

【參考文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 吳愛萍;;清末民初憲政理念的形成及演進[J];求索;2010年10期

本文編號：1529264