本文關(guān)鍵詞： 初民社會 民族習慣法 經(jīng)濟分析　出處：《中央民族大學》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：經(jīng)濟分析法學自產(chǎn)生以來,在全世界產(chǎn)生了廣泛的影響。相關(guān)學者不僅將它運用到部門法的分析中去,還逐步將它運用到非市場行為分析中去,試圖在各種不同的領(lǐng)域發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟理性的作用形式。本文運用這一理論,對民族習慣法進行研究,力圖發(fā)現(xiàn)隱含其中的經(jīng)濟理性。 文章的第一章對“民族習慣法中的交易成本”問題進行了分析。交易成本是經(jīng)濟分析法學的核心概念之一。經(jīng)濟分析法學的研究表明,交易成本廣泛存在于社會生活之中。各種制度發(fā)展的一個重要目的就是降低交易成本。本章第一節(jié)對交易成本的基本理論做了簡要的介紹。第二節(jié)對沉默交易、禮物交換進行了分析,主要分析這些具體制度中存在些什么樣的交易成本,以及該制度和其他可選擇的制度相比較存在哪些交易成本上的優(yōu)勢。 第二章主要論述了“信息成本與制度選擇”問題。在技術(shù)條件落后的初民社會,發(fā)現(xiàn)事實、保存信息、傳遞信息都需要較高的成本。在有些情況下,信息費用較高,但是我們無法避開。這時,我們要通過制度選擇來適應這種情況,如案件真相難以調(diào)查清楚時選擇嚴格責任制或者神判。有時候,我們可以想辦法以更便捷的方式獲取有用的信息,比如通過年齡區(qū)分、性別區(qū)分來區(qū)分不同群體的基本勞動能力,通過個人在日常生活中的表現(xiàn)來承認他的領(lǐng)袖地位。 第三章的主要內(nèi)容是賠命價制度中的成本問題。第一節(jié)中,筆者就賠命價產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟合理性進行了分析,從血親復仇到賠命價的制度變遷過程著手,分析了血親復仇潛藏的機會成本、沉沒成本。通過本節(jié)的研究,說明從血親復仇到賠命價的制度變遷,是一種有利于節(jié)約社會成本的進步。第二節(jié)對藏族“賠命價”的制度變遷進行了分析。說明藏族賠命價制度在變遷過程中通過減少案件類型有效的降低了交易成本,使得雙方當事人更容易就賠償標準達成一致意見。第三節(jié)重點分析了青海藏族賠命價的經(jīng)濟意義。通過分析,證明賠命價是對致害人家庭的嚴厲懲罰,可以起到威懾潛在犯罪者的作用；另一方面,賠命價最終由受害人家庭、受害人親屬及部落頭領(lǐng)、宗教人士共同分享了,受害人家庭只得到命價中很少的一部分。這和當?shù)氐纳鐣Y(jié)構(gòu)有著密切的關(guān)系,曾經(jīng)是合理的。但是,隨著社會的發(fā)展,其中一些做法在現(xiàn)代社會已經(jīng)明顯不合理。要想較好的解決賠命價與國家法的沖突,就應重視賠命價制度中存在的合理性因素。 第四章關(guān)注的是“民族習慣法中的效率”問題。初民社會充滿各種危險,其中最大的問題就是食物短缺。所有的人都面臨著巨大的生存壓力,必須在現(xiàn)有的條件下想盡一切辦法來提高生產(chǎn)效率,以贏得更多的生存機會。第一節(jié)對集體狩獵與刀耕火種兩種制度進行了研究。通過研究,認為這兩種制度都能在一定程度上產(chǎn)生規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效應,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率,獲得更多的生活資料。第二節(jié)對糾紛處理效率問題進行研究。通過研究,證明在少數(shù)民族地區(qū),依習慣法調(diào)解糾紛,相對于通過國家法訴訟而言,通常能更快的達成糾紛處理一致意見、有效的降低調(diào)解成本(如交通費用、訴訟代理費等)和執(zhí)行成本(很少有執(zhí)行難問題)。 第五章對“民族習慣法中的風險分攤”問題進行研究。初民社會充滿各種危險,除了食物短缺,還有野獸的襲擊、自然災害、血親復仇等,每一種風險都可能致人于死地。因此,必須在一定范圍內(nèi)分攤風險,創(chuàng)造相對穩(wěn)定的生存環(huán)境。第一節(jié)對對初民社會中的食物分享和共耕制的研究,說明這兩項制度實際上有效的分攤了初民社會中食物短缺、生產(chǎn)缺乏保障的風險。第二節(jié)對初民社會中刑事賠償集體責任制度的研究,說明該項制度能有效的減少因小家庭無法承擔賠償責任而引起新的更大糾紛的可能,降低了血親復仇和械斗的風險。 本文的主要觀點可以歸納為：在一定的資源廩賦和技術(shù)條件下,如何降低成本、提高效率在制度的形成與變化過程中有重要影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的規(guī)律性問題對于解釋少數(shù)民族習慣法具有一定的理論意義。
[Abstract]:The economic analysis law has produced a wide range of influences all over the world since its emergence . Relevant scholars not only applied it to the analysis of the department law , but also gradually applied it to the analysis of non - market behavior , and tried to find the function form of economic reason in various fields . The first chapter analyzes the problem of transaction cost in " national common law " . The transaction cost is one of the core concepts of economic analysis law . The research of economic analysis law indicates that transaction cost is widely existed in social life . One of the important purposes of the development of various systems is to reduce transaction cost . Section 2 analyzes the basic theory of transaction cost . The second chapter mainly discusses the problem of " information cost and system choice " . In some cases , the information cost is high , but we can not avoid it . In some cases , we should adopt the system choice to adapt to this situation . In some cases , we should choose the strict responsibility system or the divine judgment when the truth of the case is difficult to investigate . Sometimes , we can find a way to get useful information in a more convenient way , such as by age differentiation , gender distinction to distinguish the basic labor ability of different groups , and recognize his leader status through the performance of the individual in daily life . In the first part , the author analyzes the economic rationality of the settlement price , and analyses the economic significance of the Tibetan claim price . In the third section , it is proved that the compensation price is the most severe punishment for the family of the victims . The third section points out that the compensation price is a very small part of the compensation standard . However , with the development of society , some of the practice is already obvious in the modern society . The fourth chapter is concerned with the problem of " efficiency in national common law " . The biggest problem is the shortage of food . All the people are faced with enormous survival pressure . All the people are faced with great survival pressure . The first section studies the efficiency of collective hunting and knife cultivation . Through the research , it is proved that in the minority areas , the disputes can be settled in accordance with customary law . In contrast to the adoption of national law litigation , it is often possible to deal with disputes more quickly and effectively reduce the cost of mediation ( such as transportation cost , litigation agency fee , etc . ) and execution cost ( rarely implementation difficulties ) . Chapter 5 studies the problem of " risk allocation " in " national common law " . In addition to food shortage , there is also the attack of wild animals , natural disasters , blood relatives and revenge , etc . , every risk can cause death . The first section studies the system of collective responsibility for food sharing and co - cultivation in the society of the first people . The main points of this paper can be summed up as follows : how to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency in the process of the formation and change of the system under the certain resources and conditions , and find that the regularity of the system is of theoretical significance to the interpretation of the customary law of ethnic minorities .

【學位授予單位】：中央民族大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D920.4

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 胡長云;;元明清時期的治藏法制略論——以“賠命價”的發(fā)展歷程為視角[J];湖南人文科技學院學報;2012年05期

2 游志能;;民族村寨現(xiàn)代化的縮影——讀《少數(shù)民族地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村治理法則研究》有感[J];云南大學學報(法學版);2012年05期

相關(guān)博士學位論文 前1條

1 方文霖;民事習慣司法運用研究[D];中央民族大學;2012年

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本文編號：1510911