發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-24 03:48

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 歷代名臣奏議 慎刑 宋代　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：奏議,乃臣民向君主陳述主張、上疏諫言、論理說(shuō)事之文本,其內(nèi)容涉及政治、軍事、文化、法律、思想等多方面,可以說(shuō)舉凡歷朝歷代政治制度、君臣之道、治民之術(shù),無(wú)不收錄。作為一種體現(xiàn)歷史意見(jiàn)的史料,《歷代名臣奏議》具有重要的史料價(jià)值,從其中不止可以得到當(dāng)時(shí)人們對(duì)該項(xiàng)制度的看法,也可以從此種觀點(diǎn)中總結(jié)出當(dāng)時(shí)思想發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)和脈絡(luò)。而宋代名臣奏議占《歷代名臣奏議》收錄奏議七成,是全書的精華所在。目前《歷代名臣奏議》最清晰版本為1989年上海古籍出版社影印版,筆者先行進(jìn)行了與法律有關(guān)的《法令》《慎刑》《赦宥》11卷內(nèi)容的整理。為更加透徹地結(jié)合一朝代制度研究其法律思想,筆者將目光集中于《歷代名臣奏議》的宋代部分,著重結(jié)合宋代的歷史及制度,探究其奏議中所體現(xiàn)的法律思想其所產(chǎn)生的背景、原因及影響。慎刑思想是中國(guó)古代主流的法律思想,其認(rèn)為刑法是不得已才用之,是教育的工具而非懲罰的工具,經(jīng)國(guó)治道首先要仁民教民,要先教后刑。制刑之義在于輔助“禮”的實(shí)施,用刑要公允平正、至誠(chéng)盡責(zé)、常懷惻隱之意。制刑和用刑的初級(jí)目的在于追求無(wú)冤,終極目的在于追求刑措。在《歷代名臣奏議》法令卷中開(kāi)卷便寫明了制刑要“哀矜在念,欽恤為懷”,縱觀11卷奏議文本,在制刑、用刑和刑官治理中都突出了慎刑思想。本文也將從以上三個(gè)方面對(duì)《歷代名臣奏議》宋代部分中所體現(xiàn)的宋代慎刑思想進(jìn)行整理和歸納,并分析宋代臣子制刑所追求的目的以及刑法制定所要求的價(jià)值,細(xì)察宋代用刑時(shí)的重要制度和要點(diǎn),推究其用刑制度變革的原因,并探究宋代保障官吏公允用刑、防止其貪贓枉法的制度。制刑是法得以實(shí)施的開(kāi)始,其涉及“刑”存在基礎(chǔ)之探討,涉及到刑的價(jià)值、刑的目的等范疇,在司法行政一體的中國(guó)古代社會(huì),立法中所體現(xiàn)的慎刑思想則進(jìn)一步關(guān)乎到了整個(gè)國(guó)家治國(guó)之道以及制度設(shè)計(jì)。受慎刑思想的影響,中國(guó)古代制刑最根本的價(jià)值在于保民、愛(ài)民,以民為本,教化為先,愛(ài)民之心猶如愛(ài)子,不可未教而先刑,凡一制度的設(shè)計(jì)以及評(píng)價(jià),是否仁民安民,成為了一項(xiàng)極為重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價(jià)值取向。因以民為本,所以古人尚德尚禮不尚刑,立刑目的在于明刑弼教,刑為保障禮而生,修禮為國(guó)家之本,禮樂(lè)不興而刑罰不中。又因德立萬(wàn)世,治國(guó)布政要順應(yīng)民心,因此制刑要順應(yīng)天理,順應(yīng)民眾心中基本的道義觀,也要平衡國(guó)法和情理。同時(shí),對(duì)于法令本身而言,法令不可過(guò)繁,法網(wǎng)太密,民便會(huì)手足無(wú)措,但也要注意法令本身的穩(wěn)定性和威嚴(yán)性,不可因情亂法,也不可有過(guò)多的法外開(kāi)恩,否則國(guó)家便有法也如無(wú)法,民心不穩(wěn),國(guó)家不安。用刑指折獄理刑,在《歷代名臣奏議》之中,用刑之要主要體現(xiàn)于折獄應(yīng)懷有的態(tài)度、折獄的理念,以及在具體的用刑和量刑時(shí)應(yīng)采用的方法等。一代之法,徒立法之善不足以為“善”,尤在用刑之平。在慎刑思想的影響下,古人用刑也抱有“以民為本”“哀矜”“欽恤”的理念,自此而引出宋代臣子對(duì)于宋代用刑的一系列探討,其中包括死刑的規(guī)制、肉刑的存廢、特赦和贖刑的制度設(shè)計(jì)以及宋代監(jiān)獄制度的完善,如果說(shuō)制刑更追求“刑措”,那么用刑則更為直接地追求“無(wú)冤”。制刑布政,必須有一定的制度作為保障,實(shí)施法令,典獄官吏的治理尤為重要,否則制度構(gòu)架得再好,也只是空中樓閣,不治官吏一切皆為紙上談兵。中國(guó)古代采用官吏分治的策略,就宋代而言寬于治官而嚴(yán)于治吏。對(duì)于治官宋代更多地是設(shè)計(jì)一系列制度用以相互制衡,使得官員既有施展權(quán)力和抱負(fù)的空間,又不會(huì)導(dǎo)致權(quán)力泛濫。然而在宋代社會(huì)變化加快,人民對(duì)土地依附性降低的歷史背景下,宋代禮義觀的改變導(dǎo)致宋代獄訟繁多,此種情況更加導(dǎo)致了出身低微、受教育程度較差的胥吏獲得了極大的權(quán)力。為此,宋代制定了一系列制度用以限制吏的自由裁量權(quán),以保證法令的公允實(shí)施。整體來(lái)看宋代政治有寬仁之風(fēng),宋代用刑也尤為強(qiáng)調(diào)慎刑、矜憫,但宋朝既有商業(yè)高度發(fā)展,文官治世,土地自由流轉(zhuǎn),人們觀念革新的開(kāi)明一面;同時(shí)也有上承南北朝之制,連年征戰(zhàn)納貢,復(fù)活肉刑,凌遲進(jìn)入法定刑的陰暗面,重刑與慎刑之爭(zhēng)烙印在整個(gè)宋代歷史中,也在《歷代名臣奏議》中留下了諸多相互論辯的奏議,因此我們對(duì)于宋代的慎刑思想以及《歷代名臣奏議》中所體現(xiàn)的慎刑思想應(yīng)當(dāng)抱有一種客觀的態(tài)度,不過(guò)分苛責(zé)古人,而是探究其中的法律思想,以及在慎刑思想影響下的制刑、用刑及治理刑官的制度和策略,并尋求其對(duì)現(xiàn)代法制改革的積極意義。
[Abstract]:Is subject to the monarch memorials, stating the claim, on the theory that the sparse admonition, text, its content involves the political, military, cultural, legal, ideological and other aspects, can be said that all dynasties political system, and the way people were all included. As a kind of the historical views of the historical. "The official memorials > has important historical value, from which not only can get people on the system view, can also be summed up from the trend and development point of view in the context of thought at that time. The official memorials for the official memorials included the < > 70%, is the essence of the book lies. The ancient" the most clear version > official memorials for the 1989 Shanghai Ancient Books Press edition, the author first makes the laws relating to law > > < cautiouspunishment forgiveth >11 volume content arrangement. In order to study the combination of legal system of a dynasty more clearly. The author thought, will focus on the part of the Song Dynasty "the official memorials >, focuses on the history and the study on the legal system of Song Dynasty, ideology embodied in the memorials of the background, reason and influence. The cautious punishment thought is the mainstream of ancient legal thought China, the criminal law is not only for that is a tool of education rather than punishment tool by State Road first to teach people to Jen, firstafterteachingpunishment. The penalty meaning lies in the implementation of" Rites ", the idea of auxiliary to fair and square, sincere dedication, often with compassion. Punishment and torture of the primary purpose is to pursue no injustice the ultimate goal is to pursue, punishment measures. In the official memorials > < Law volume will indicate the punishment to book" to read, Qinzhou T-shirt for arms ", throughout the 11 volumes of text in punishment, memorials, torture and punishment officer governance highlights the thought of cautious punishment. This paper will also benefit from the three aspects On "embodied the official memorials in Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty on the thought of cautious punishment were summarized, and the analysis of the subject of punishment objective pursued by criminal law and the preparation of the required value, an important system and points to the Song Dynasty when the examination of the causes of torture, torture system reform, and to explore the protection of fair torture officials in Song Dynasty, to prevent the corrupt system. Prior to the implementation of the penalty system is started, the" punishment "based on the penalty value relates to the purpose of punishment, etc., in the administration of justice, one of the Chinese ancient society, the cautious punishment thought embodied in legislation further relates to the whole country governing and the system design. Influenced by the thought of cautious punishment, value China punishment is that ancient people, love the people, people-oriented, education first, the loving heart is like a son, can not teach first sentence, where a The system design and evaluation, whether Jen min, has become a very important standard and value orientation. Due to the people, so the ancients Suntech ceremony is not punishment, punishment is made for the protection of criminal punishment with education, and ritual ceremony for the country, repair, in addition to music and not punishment. And as the cadre, the rule of cloth dignitaries adapt to the people, so the penalty should conform to justice, conform to the basic moral people view, also to balance the law and reason. At the same time, the act itself, law can not be too complicated, the law is too close, people will know what to do, but also pay attention to the stability of the statute itself the majesty of, not because of feeling, also can not have too much extrajudicial mercy, otherwise the country will have law if not popular, unstable countries uneasy. Torture refers to physical punishment in the analysis, "the official memorials >, the main body is in the torture to analysis should have attitude, Analysis the concept, and should be used in the specific criminal sentencing methods. And the generation of the law, the legislative acts of good enough "good", especially in the flat. The effects of torture thought of cautious punishment under the torture is "people-oriented" "to" "the chin" the concept, since the Song Dynasty leads to a series of discussion of the Song Dynasty vassal torture, including the death penalty regulations, the abolition of corporal punishment, perfecting the system of the Song Dynasty and the design of amnesty and the prison system, if the punishment is more the pursuit of "punishment measures", so the idea is more direct to the pursuit of "no injustice". The penalty Buzheng, there must be some system as a guarantee, the implementation of law, prison officials governance is particularly important, otherwise the system is good, just do not treat castles in the air, everything is empty talk. The official officials of the divide and conquer strategy by ancient China, the Song Dynasty in terms of wide The officer and strict official governance. For government officials in Song Dynasty is more of a series of system design to each other, making officials both show the power and ambitions of the space, but also do not cause flooding. However, power in the Song Dynasty is changing, people's dependence on land decreased under the historical background of the Song Dynasty ritual concept changes the Song Dynasty led to the lawsuit is various, such situation has led to more humble origins, the poor level of education was a great power. Therefore, the development of a series of systems to the discretion of officials to ensure legal restrictions, the implementation of the fair. The whole song Dynasty politics have forgiveness of the wind, the Song Dynasty also torture underlines the cautious punishment, to pity, but the Song Dynasty is highly developed, commercial and civil service, free land circulation, people's concept of innovation but also on the liberal side; the southern and Northern Dynasties for successive years, Na Ling Gong, the resurrection of corporal punishment, Late into the dark side of legal punishment, punishment and punishment for the brand in the history of the Song Dynasty, also left a lot of debate in the history of "mutual zouyi official memorials", so we in the Song Dynasty thought of cautious punishment and embodied the "official memorials > in the thought of cautious punishment should have an objective attitude, not too hard on the ancients, but on Legal Thought of them, and the thought of cautious punishment under the influence of punishment, torture and punishment management system and strategy officer, and seek its positive significance to the modern legal system reform.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D909.2

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 趙聰;名臣奏議話消防[J];甘肅消防;2001年02期

2 王銘珍;古代的災(zāi)后詔求直諫制度[J];安徽消防;1997年01期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 王婉;從《歷代名臣奏議》看宋代慎刑思想[D];吉林大學(xué);2017年

2 王德領(lǐng);《歷代名臣奏議》（宋代部分）研究[D];河北大學(xué);2010年

，

本文編號(hào)：1459093