INTRODUCTION

It has been over three decades since the adoption of reform and opening-up, China haswitnessed many great changes on its road towards modernization: China was admitted intothe big family of World Trade Organization(WTO), and succeeded in hosting the 2008Beijing Olympic Gammes and the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, to name just a few, all of theseachievements demonstrate our country’s national comprehensive strength and itsunprecedented level of international engagement. As China becomes more integrated with therest of the world, it is in great need of excellent interpreters to serve as a bridge for mutualunderstanding, thus research on interpreting is quite to the point.English is one of the most popular languages in the contemporary world, and Englishbusiness interpreting plays an important role in the future development of our economy , andit works as a medium in the process of international business meetings and negotiations.However, it is not until the 1990s that China’s interpretation market began to enjoy rapidgrowth. More and more English-learners are bracing challenges and make up their mind to bea professional interpreter,Business English is a language with specific purposes, distinctive fixed language formsand word formation (Li Taizhi, 2005:14). Sometimes, written materials and oral presentationson economics and foreign trade can be highly technical, even a tiny mistake in choosing aword may devastate a potential cooperation between companies and cause enormous loss tothem, which is well known to most translators and interpreters who pay extra attention tobusiness interpretation. Therefore, business interpreters are ready to pour their strength intolearning some basic knowledge of economics, foreign trade, law, and international commercepractices, etc.
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Chapter I A Brief Review Of Interpretation

1.1 History of Interpretation
People may wonder, what is interpretation ? Is it same to the concept of translation ?Maybe, attending an international conference can give you direct and vivid experience ofhearing the constant voice of an interpreter transmitting through the earphone. However, mostpeople do not have such opportunities, so imagine a group of people sitting in a room,theymay be politicians, businessman or women, trade unionists and scientists. They wish toexchange ideas and discuss their work but speak total different languages,none of themspeaks the other’s language well enough for the discussion to be useful. So they invitesomeone else in,who speaks both languages, to explain what each is saying in turn, and thatperson is an interpreter. By bridging the gap between languages, the interpreter helps speakersto discharge their duty to make themselves understood and help listeners to know what isbeing said during the meeting.Interpretation can be defined in a nutshell as conveying understanding. Its usefulnessstems from the fact that a speaker’s meaning is best expressed in his or her native tongue butis best understood in the languages of the listeners(James Nolan, 2008:2). Interpretation hasbeen in existence ever since mankind has used the spoken word , it is one of the oldest jobs inthe history and makes a large contribution to the relationships and exchanges between peopleof different origins.However, it is really difficult to pinpoint which year interpretation emerged due to thelack of hard historical evidence. The first written proof of interpreting dates back to 3000 BC,the Ancient Egyptians had a pictographic meaning "interpreter". The next popular use ofinterpreting occurred in Ancient Rome and Greece, Both the Ancient Greeks and Romansthought the language of the people that they conquered was very coarse and vulgar. Soprisoners, slaves, and some ethnic groups were forced to learn different languages andassumed interpreting for the nobility. From this era up to the seventeenth century, Latin wasthe the language of diplomacy, across the entire Europe, and all nations need to have someofficials who could speak Latin fluently and communicate with their foreign counterparts so as to sustain diplomatic relations.For centuries, interpreting gradually developed due to a number of reasons. One reasonis religion: People of many different religions have explored into other territories to preachtheir beliefs. From the 7thto 8thcenturies AD, ancient Arabs introduced Islam to Africancontinent, interpreters helped in spreading the Koran to the local villages, and Arabic, thelanguage of the Koran, became known to more people. Christianity is also a ambitiousreligion that has always aspired to expand its territory. In 1253, With the support of Louis IXWilliam of Rubruck made a great expedition into Asia with the accompany of interpreters,which was one of the very first major-scale, pure missionary journeys,and to spread the wordof God was his only purpose.The second reason behind the development of interpreting was the launch of the Age ofExploration. Westerners were eager to explore new lands, with many expeditions, they werebound to come across others who spoke a completely different language. One of the mostfamous interpreters in history was born in the Age of Exploration, specifically in the early16th century. This interpreter was Do a Marina, also known as "la Malinche",of Mexicandecent . She is a good example of interpreters in that era, the interpreters that helped theconquerors were often of native descent, their own people often viewed them as traitors,regardless of whether they were against their will. However, these people served as aconnection between the aboriginals and the explorers,they enabled many treaties thatotherwise would have been impossible; they made their contribution in the formation oftoday’s word.The next major advancement in interpreting occurred in the last century. At theInternational Labor Conference in Geneva, Switzerland in 1927, simultaneous interpreting (SI)was used for the very first time. However, after the conference, SI was considered tooexpensive and complex to use during World War Two(WWII), so it was not until 1945, in theNuremberg war crimes trial that SI was put into use more widely. It marked the application ofSI into almost every conference from then on. As a matter of fact ,after the Nuremberg trialended, the United Nations' 152 Resolution established SI as a permanent service for the UNin 1947.Although oral inter

1.2General Classifications of Conference Interpretation
What is the difference between consecutive interpretation and simultaneousinterpretation? A brief comparison will answer this question.A consecutive interpreter listens to the speaker, takes notes, then reproduces the speechin the target language. Depending on the length of the speech, this may be done all at onesegments or in several ones. The consecutive interpreter depends mainly on memory, butgood note-taking technique is an important need.A simultaneous interpreter sitting in a soundproof booth, listens to the speaker throughearphones and speaking into a microphone, reproduces the speech as it is being delivered ,the simultaneous interpreter works in real time, and can only lag behind the speaker for a fewseconds, after the speaker finishes, the interpretation should be fast and efficient. This modeneeds quick response and the ability of working under much stress.Consecutive interpretation was once the standard method, since simultaneousinterpretation was first widely tried out and thanks to the invention of modern soundequipments, SI is becoming the most popular method, in various meetings, from businessconferences, negotiations, to summits, and if necessary, remote interpreting is alsofeasible.With participants speaking a number of languages without interruption, it can saveprecious time and enable a bilingual or multi-lingual summit.However, consecutive interpretation is still preferable in one-on-one interviews,nonpublic hearings, brief appearances by prominent figures, court proceedings and otherconditions. It only requires a pen and a notebook other than complex sound equipments.In addition, SI can also be further classified into Sight Interpretation and WhisperingInterpretation. Sight Interpretation involves the coordination of reading, comprehension andreproducing, and swift eye-brain-voice response. Sometimes, interpreters might be asked to assume whispering, they sit behind a speaker at a meeting , at the same time, interpreting themessage only for that person.

Chapter II A Brief Analysis on the Evaluation of Business Interpretation............7

2.1 Basic Characteristics of Business English........................7

2.2 Criteria for Business Interpreting................................12

Chapter III Interpreting Techniques for Business Interpreter..............................14

3.1 Qualifications of Business Interpreter..........................14

3.2 Interpreting Techniques for Business Interpreters...........................14

3.3 The Pleasure of being an interpreter........................18

Conclusion...................20

Chapter III Interpreting Skills for Business Interpreter

3.1 Qualifications of interpreter
An important goal of business negotiation is to win benefits. Participating parties willexpress their own opinions unintentionally. As an interpreter, his or her duty is not only tointerpret successfully, but also to help participating parties to gain double benefits, so thebusiness interpreter is actually an assurance in international business activity and a bridge ofall countries’ exhibition, trade and economic exchanges. Above all, the skills of businessinterpretation will be count for much, and will be increased with continuously practice(Chen,2004: 34)Being an interpreter should have its qualifications, First, a professional interpretershould have solid foundation in bilingual knowledge. Perfect listening skills in both thesource and target language is a precondition. Second, an interpreter should also be equippedwith extensive extra linguistic knowledge, including common sense, cultural knowledge,subject knowledge , contextual and situational knowledge.The third qualification is to haveunerring interpreting techniques, including skills in listening for sense, memory, note-taking,public speaking, language transference, interpreting figures, summarization, coping tacticsand etc. The fourth qualification is to have sound physical quality. Last but not the least, aprofessional interpreter should maintain good ethics-based conduct.

3.2 Specific Interpreting Techniques for Business Interpreters
Preparation is essential whether working face-to-face with people in a hospital orimmigration office, or in a booth at the back of a meeting room. Before taking a look at thewhy and how of preparation, let’s get a couple of things clear. First, translation of any kind isnot simply about knowing languages, that’s just a prerequisite for a job that is all about conveying what a speaker says. Within this communication process, a language is no morethan a raw material waiting to be formed into a finished product,i.e, the message. Therefore,to perform the task successfully, interpreters must have a complete grasp of subject matterand the context they are working in. To fashion a finished product greater than the sum of itsparts, many resources come into use : knowledge, contextualization, quick analysis, cohesion,subtlety of expression, correct expressions and terms, etc.First, the word documents when used by an interpreter refers to much more thanmaterials prepared for the upcoming meeting. Second, there is a wide range of usefuldocuments likely to be within our reach. Last, interpreters should really be well prepared; it ispart of the job description. They know that both general background and specific subjectknowledge play a fundamental role in what they do.Here are a few suggestions on how to satisfy those entreaties for documents and reapthe rewards of sound conference preparation. The agenda shows how the meeting isorganized, including schedule, speeches,presentations, discussion and breakout sessions, etc.Adding on speakers’ resume and the list of participants (individuals, agencies,organizations)is quite better. Reports or speeches from previous meetings are also helpful .Minutes, positionpapers, even general information about clients will help a lot. Direct one-to-one contact isadvisable. A pre-meeting briefing session can be beneficial for both sides, especially if thetopic is highly technical.To sum it up ,it is all about communication. Interpreters get a buzz from puttingknowledge gained and reinforced through methodical preparation into play and performingthem well , which is also another way of saying that they are very proud of helping peoplecommunicate.
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Conclusion

As business English is a field with its own characteristics, business interpretation hassome specific principles and techniques, so it is necessary to come up with some standards forbusiness interpreters. Besides bilingual even multi-lingual proficiency, keeping up with thetime and strong sense of duty are also of great importance for their jobs.Entering into the new century, fast development of world economy and the everincreasing business and economic exchanges require more and more professional interpreterswho should not only be good,in linguistic ability but can also handle various businessactivities, especially some complex business negotiations. For any profession, a set of normsor standards is essential for regulating and promoting it. However, most interpreters workingin business activities are not qualified enough, leading to a huge gap between the highdemand and low supply in the interpretation market , it is urgent to make this newoccupation further regulated. In business interpretation, professional norms are not onlyuseful for relevant institutions to assess the performance of the interpreters but also providea system or mechanism to improve their work. Furthermore, interpreting training requireseffective and practical evaluation to make its training programs successful.In this thesis, first, I will give an overall introduction of business interpretation whichincludes definitions, basic features, requirements on professional interpreters as well ascriteria of their work. Second, I will make an elaboration on criteria in business interpretation,in this part, I will provide different cases to show how to apply these criteria evaluation in toreal practice of business interpretation. Third, explore different ways to improve relevanttechniques to accomplish interpreting task.
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參考文獻(xiàn)（略）