本文選題：儒家家庭教育 + 發(fā)展歷程��； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：儒家作為傳統(tǒng)中國最具影響力的學(xué)術(shù)文化派別,把修身齊家作為人生軌跡的基始性工作,特別強(qiáng)調(diào)個人、家庭、社會、國家的整體關(guān)聯(lián)。儒家自創(chuàng)始以來就尤為重視家庭血緣親情,重視對涉及家庭倫理道德等一系列家庭問題的思考,形成了眾多理論特質(zhì)明顯、思想脈絡(luò)清晰的家庭教育理性認(rèn)識。本研究以儒家家庭教育思想的歷史演進(jìn)為線索,從構(gòu)成理論研究最主要的理論基礎(chǔ)、價值訴求、教育內(nèi)容、教育方法等入手,運用多學(xué)科的研究視角,注重史論結(jié)合,以展現(xiàn)儒家家庭教育思想的優(yōu)秀理念。儒家學(xué)說誕生于先秦,儒家家庭教育思想也在這一時期得以萌生。“五經(jīng)四書”奠定了儒家家庭教育的基本格局�？鬃右呀�(jīng)自覺地開展了家庭教育,并對家庭教育發(fā)表了諸多的見解。漢代,儒家學(xué)說受到空前的重視。魏晉南北朝時期社會動蕩,儒家學(xué)說影響力下降,但由儒家倡導(dǎo)的封建家庭理念在社會范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了重要影響,誕生了我國第一部系統(tǒng)完整的家庭教育專著——《顏氏家訓(xùn)》。唐宋時期的家庭教育在內(nèi)容和形式上都得以豐富和發(fā)展,《帝范》的出現(xiàn)展示了帝王之家家庭教育的系統(tǒng)全面。從宋代開始,文人士大夫的家庭教育實踐和理論思考異彩紛呈,思想家還有意建構(gòu)系統(tǒng)完善的家庭教育理論。明清時期是家庭教育的繁盛時期,該時期保存下來的家教文本遠(yuǎn)超歷史上的其它階段,且家教文本在體例上多有創(chuàng)新。晚清以來,儒家家庭教育在教育內(nèi)容、教育方式、教育理念等方面都發(fā)生了變化,傳統(tǒng)的儒家家庭教育開始解體,朝著近代新式家庭教育轉(zhuǎn)型。天人關(guān)系在儒家思想體系中起著塑造世界觀、人生觀、價值觀的重要作用,儒家認(rèn)為人生境界、軌跡的最高行事準(zhǔn)則就是天道,人道是對天道的遵循和踐行。儒家認(rèn)為人的德性是人具有的天性(天賦)。在儒家那里,天有“神圣之天”、“德性之天”、“自然之天”的分別,因而人具有不同的天性。儒家“天人合德”的理念認(rèn)為人只有完善自我,才能最終成就天所賦予人的寶貴德性。儒家認(rèn)為人之施教和受教都要遵從人性,家庭教育之所以必需且緊要,就在于教育本身能促進(jìn)家庭成員個性的完善。儒家家庭教育首重“明人倫”,即使家人、子弟形成相親相愛的人倫道德理念。儒家家庭教育在“親親”之外,還重視“尊尊”,要求家庭成員養(yǎng)成尊重家庭以外人員的道德意識。儒家注意到家庭成員間的親愛有可能發(fā)展成為溺愛,故強(qiáng)調(diào)“知愛與知教”的結(jié)合,不能置應(yīng)有的教育和引導(dǎo)責(zé)任于不顧。儒家家風(fēng)思想主要包括三個方面,分別為:以循禮守制為核心的家風(fēng),以累世美德為核心的家風(fēng),以傳世之學(xué)為核心的家風(fēng)。儒家認(rèn)為正己才能正家,只有家庭施教主體修養(yǎng)得法,才能培育出良好的家風(fēng)。儒家尤其重視女性(特別是主婦)在家風(fēng)培育過程中的作用。儒家尤其重視家庭在社會中的基礎(chǔ)地位,注重發(fā)揮家庭教育在化民導(dǎo)俗方面的能動作用,認(rèn)為只有家庭教育和社會教化兩相促進(jìn),才能營造出良風(fēng)美俗�！罢抑馈笔侨寮谊P(guān)于和順家庭關(guān)系的教育。儒家在父子關(guān)系上倡導(dǎo)“父慈子孝”,即父輩要關(guān)愛教育晚輩,晚輩則要孝敬長輩;兄弟之間要做到“兄友弟恭”,即同輩之間要相親相愛,相互協(xié)助和睦相處;夫妻間要做到“夫義妻賢”,即夫妻雙方在婚姻締結(jié)及存續(xù)期間應(yīng)該相互關(guān)愛、相互尊重,共建美好家庭;儒家強(qiáng)調(diào)“長幼有序”,倡導(dǎo)代際之間要尊長愛幼。儒家提倡的家庭美德主要有勤儉、禮讓、仁愛、謙虛、忠孝、敦學(xué)、和睦等。儒家家庭教育提倡的“家國情懷”包含四方面:首先是“齊家”,一是“修身以齊家”,二是“治生以齊家”,三是“制用以齊家”。其次是“親宗族”,一方面,儒家提倡要“周濟(jì)族人”,即宗族間要扶危救困患難相恤;另一方面,要“教導(dǎo)族眾”,加強(qiáng)對族人的規(guī)戒引導(dǎo)和教育。儒家家庭教育提倡“睦鄉(xiāng)鄰”,做到“與鄰為善”、“禮待鄉(xiāng)曲”、“里仁為美”。最后是“愛國家”,教育家庭成員要熱愛國家、關(guān)心國家的前途命運、不惜犧牲自我以維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一。家訓(xùn)是家庭教育過程中對施教者的一系列訓(xùn)誨、示教的總結(jié)。這種教育方式促進(jìn)了儒家思想的社會化。家規(guī)教育把家庭教育的有關(guān)內(nèi)容,用硬性規(guī)定表達(dá)出來,要求家庭成員普遍遵守。家禮教育就是通過系統(tǒng)全面的禮儀教育使家庭倫理道德具體化為家庭成員的行為素養(yǎng)。私塾也是傳統(tǒng)中國家庭教育的主要方式之一。儒家家庭教育把人際交往看成是完善自我的重要方式,所謂“以友輔仁”說的就是這種理念。儒家家庭教育也提倡游學(xué),主張積極參與社會實踐。儒家家庭教育還注重選擇合理的教育方法,因材施教、循序漸進(jìn)、寬嚴(yán)相濟(jì)、榜樣示范、說理教育、啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)、內(nèi)省自覺等都是儒家最為普遍的家庭教育方法,這些方法是儒家家庭教育實踐智慧的結(jié)晶。借鑒儒家家庭教育思想,現(xiàn)代家庭教育要注重道德涵養(yǎng),要注重方法得當(dāng),要圍繞社會主義核心價值觀培育文明家風(fēng)。
[Abstract]:As the most influential academic and cultural factions in traditional China, the Confucianists take the family as the basic work of life, especially emphasizing the overall relationship between the individual, the family, the society and the state. Since the founding of the Confucianists, the Confucianists have attached great importance to the family relationship, and have attached great importance to a series of family problems related to the ethics and morality of the family. This study takes the historical evolution of the Confucian family education thought as a clue, starting with the most important theoretical basis of the study of the theory, the demand of value, the content of education, the method of education, and the combination of the theory of history, and the combination of historical theories, in order to show the Confucian family. The excellent idea of education thought. The Confucian theory was born Yu Xianqin, the Confucian family education thought was born in this period. "The five classics and four books" laid the basic pattern of the Confucian family education. Confucius has carried out the family education consciously, and published many opinions on the family education. The Confucian theory has been paid unprecedented attention in the Han Dynasty. The social unrest in the period of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties reduced the influence of Confucianism, but the concept of the feudal family advocated by the Confucianists had an important influence on the social scope. The first systematic and complete family education monograph was born in China - "Yan's family training >." the family education in the Tang and Song Dynasties was enriched and developed in both content and form, < emperor fan '. The emergence showed the systematic and comprehensive system of family education of the emperor's family. From the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the family education practice and theoretical thinking of the literati and doctors were very colorful. The thinkers were interested in constructing a systematic and perfect family education theory. The period of the Ming and Qing Dynasty was the flourishing period of family education, and the family education texts preserved in this period were far beyond the history. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the Confucian family education has changed in the aspects of educational content, educational mode and educational concept. The traditional Confucian family education began to disintegrate and transformed into the modern new family education. The relationship between heaven and man has created the world outlook, the outlook on life, and the price in the Confucian ideology. The Confucianists believe that the highest principle of life, the highest criterion of the path of life is the principle of heaven, the humanitarianism is the following and practice of the heaven. The Confucian thought that human virtue is human nature (talent). In the Confucian, the heaven has the "holy day", "the day of virtue", "the natural day", and therefore the human has different nature. The Confucian concept of "harmony between man and man" holds that only a man can perfect himself can he ultimately achieve the precious virtues given to the man. Even family, the children form the moral concept of loving each other. In addition to the "relatives", the Confucian family education pays attention to the "respect" and the family members to form the moral consciousness of respecting the people outside the family. The thought of education and guidance should be ignored. The Confucian family style mainly includes three aspects, which are the family style based on the ritual system, the family style with the core of the virtues as the core, the family style centered on the learning of the world. The Confucianists pay special attention to the role of women (especially the housewife) in the cultivation of family style. The Confucianists attach great importance to the basic status of family in the society and pay attention to the dynamic role of family education in the customs of the people. It is thought that only family education and social education can promote the beauty of the wind only. The education of Yu Heshun family relations. Confucianism advocates "father and son filial piety" in the relationship between father and son, that is, the parents should care for the older generation, and the older generation should respect their elders; the brothers should be "brother and friend", that is to say, they should love each other and assist each other in harmony; the husband and wife should be "husband and wife", that is, the husband and wife are married in marriage. And during the period of existence, we should love each other, respect each other, and build a better family. The Confucian emphasis on "long and orderly", advocating intergenerational and loving children. The family virtues advocated by Confucianism are mainly thrifty, courtesy, benevolence, modesty, loyalty and filial piety, learning and harmony. The "home state" advocated by Confucian family education includes four aspects: first, "the Qi family" On the other hand, the Confucian advocates "the family of the family". On the one hand, the Confucian advocates "the people of Zhou Ji", that is to say, "the people of Zhou Ji", that is to say, "the people of the clan" should be saved by the clan. On the other hand, we should "teach the people" and strengthen the guidance and education of the ethnic groups. The Confucian family education advocates "the family education." "Good neighbours", "good with the neighbour", "rite to local music", "Li Ren is beautiful". Finally, it is "love the country", the education family members should love the country, care for the future and destiny of the country, at the expense of self in order to maintain the national unity. Family training is a series of instruction to the educator in the process of family education, the summary of the teaching method. It promotes the socialization of Confucian thought. Family discipline education expresses the related contents of family education with hard provisions and requires family members to abide by it generally. Family ethics education is to make family ethics be specific to the behavior accomplishment of family members through systematic and comprehensive etiquette education. Private school is also the main way of traditional Chinese family education. The Confucian family education regards interpersonal communication as an important way to improve the self. The so-called "with friends and kernel" is the idea. The Confucian family education also advocates learning and actively participating in social practice. The Confucian family education also pays attention to the choice of reasonable educational methods. Reasoning education, inspiring guidance and introspection consciousness are all the most common methods of family education in Confucianism. These methods are the crystallization of the practical wisdom of the Confucian family education.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B222

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