發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-16 20:28

  本文選題：孔子 + 蘇格拉底　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：世間萬物存在很多現(xiàn)象,而從人類開始發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)世界、改造這個(gè)世界起,人們就開始思考這個(gè)變幻莫測的世界,開始探索宇宙自然的奧秘,并轉(zhuǎn)而發(fā)掘人自身。人是誰,人從哪里來,又到哪里去;人存在的意義是什么,人死后有無靈魂,人們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何對(duì)待生、看待死等?在對(duì)這些問題探索的過程中,人們不斷反思、總結(jié)、研究逐漸形成了多種思想觀念,從而有了哲學(xué)的產(chǎn)生。而生死問題作為人生哲學(xué)的重要研究方向,一直吸引著哲人們對(duì)其不斷地求索。時(shí)至今日,哲學(xué)不斷追問,科學(xué)技術(shù)日益增長,宇宙、自然、社會(huì)、人類相互交織的矛盾沖突、倫理問題,以及如何更好地認(rèn)識(shí)生死,追求真理與踐行使命,樹立正確的倫理道德觀,實(shí)現(xiàn)人生價(jià)值,就要從探求生命的意義開始�？v觀古今中外哲人,對(duì)生與死的哲學(xué)探討更多是嚴(yán)肅、謹(jǐn)慎的。如何面對(duì)這個(gè)問題并加以超越?對(duì)于普世眾生來講都極其重要。就中國而言,儒、道、佛三家對(duì)生死問題的談?wù)摌O具代表性;西方則有古希臘諸多思想家、幾大宗教等�，F(xiàn)代文明發(fā)展離不開中西方傳統(tǒng)文化的傳承和影響,因而對(duì)生死觀的探究,更應(yīng)該從文化源頭去探尋。從時(shí)空和文化體系的角度來講,作為中西方相映生輝的兩位思想巨人,孔子與蘇格拉底都堪稱兩方文化的先驅(qū)。因此本文將孔子與蘇格拉底的生死觀作為研究起點(diǎn),幫助我們更好地在漫漫人生路中抉擇。本文第一章通過對(duì)孔子與蘇格拉底生死觀的產(chǎn)生進(jìn)行梳理,從歷史背景、思想淵源、個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的視角出發(fā),研究和分析兩者生死觀產(chǎn)生的原因,從而幫助我們整理和梳理兩者生死觀的基本內(nèi)容。第二章主要論述兩者對(duì)生與死的認(rèn)識(shí)。孔子從“天祖”傳承的角度,認(rèn)識(shí)到人在宇宙萬物的主體性,從珍愛萬物、反對(duì)人殉、慎行重生來反映對(duì)生命的重視,因此人的生死具有極其重要的意義。而蘇格拉底從自我認(rèn)識(shí)為起點(diǎn),以理性思考為前提,并不斷反省自我的人生,從而提出“死可能比生更好”。第三章主要分析了兩者生死觀的道德內(nèi)涵。孔子以構(gòu)建理想社會(huì)秩序?yàn)槌霭l(fā)點(diǎn),將“仁”作為人生追求的最高境界,并以“殺身成仁”的追求方式體現(xiàn)了其面臨生死抉擇時(shí)的價(jià)值取向。蘇格拉底將“善”作為人的最高目的,不斷的考察自身和追求好的生活,以“舍身求善”的具有美德品質(zhì)的生活方式,以求到達(dá)“至善”的可能。第四章主要分析了兩者的生死超越思想。孔子從“三不朽”的具體層面出發(fā),實(shí)現(xiàn)精神生命的超越,通過“孝”以及喪祭禮儀構(gòu)建的家族血脈,傳承和延續(xù)這種生命意志,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)“天人合一”的終極超越,建構(gòu)宇宙、社會(huì)、生命的融通。而蘇格拉底以樹立“善”為目的的道德追求,擺脫肉體欲望,以純潔的、理性的狀態(tài)拷問心靈,獲得美德、追求真理,從而使靈魂到達(dá)幸福的彼岸,實(shí)現(xiàn)人死后不朽的存在。第五章則通過對(duì)孔子與蘇格拉底生死觀的認(rèn)識(shí),面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界對(duì)生死觀哲學(xué)上的拷問,提出構(gòu)建使命意識(shí),實(shí)現(xiàn)生命超越。幫助我們更好地面對(duì)生與死,以及在當(dāng)今社會(huì)中如何重獲生死追求的意義。
[Abstract]:There are many phenomena in all things in the world, and from the beginning of human discovery of the world, people begin to think about this unpredictable world and begin to explore the mysteries of the nature of the universe and to discover the human beings. Who are people, where people come from and where they go, what is the meaning of human existence, the soul after death, people should be. In the process of how to treat life, treat death, etc.? In the process of exploring these problems, people are constantly reflecting, summarizing, and gradually forming a variety of ideas and thus the emergence of philosophy. As an important research direction of life philosophy, the question of life and death has always attracted the philosophers to keep seeking for them. With the growing science and technology, the universe, nature, society, and human intertwined conflicts, ethical problems, and how to better understand life and death, pursue truth and practice mission, establish correct ethical and moral values and realize the value of life, we should start with the meaning of life. It is serious and prudent. How to face this problem and surpass it? It is extremely important to all the people of the world. For China, the three families of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are very representative about the question of life and death; in the West there are many thinkers and several religions in ancient Greece. The exploration of the concept of life and death should be explored from the source of culture. From the point of view of time and space and cultural system, as the two thought giants in China and the west, both Confucius and Socrates are the pioneers of the two party culture. Therefore, this paper makes the study of Confucius and Socrates as the starting point of the study, and helps us to be better at the people. The first chapter of this article, by combing the birth and death of Confucius and Socrates, from the perspective of historical background, ideological origin and personal experience, studies and analyzes the causes of the concept of life and death, which helps us to sort out and comb the basic contents of the two concepts of life and death. The second chapter mainly discusses the two aspects of life and death. From the point of view of the inheritance of "Heaven ancestors", Confucius recognizes the subjectivity of human beings in the universe. From cherishing everything, opposing people martyr, and careful rebirth to reflect the importance of life, the life and death of human beings are of great significance. And Socrates from self understanding is the starting point, rational thinking as the premise, and constantly introspection of the life of himself. Thus, "death may be better than life". The third chapter mainly analyzes the moral connotation of the concept of life and death. In order to build an ideal social order, Confucius takes "benevolence" as the highest realm of life, and embodies the value orientation of the choice of life and death with the pursuit of "killing oneself". Socrates will be "good". In the fourth chapter, the fourth chapter mainly analyzes the transcendence of life and death. From the specific level of "three immortality", the transcendence of spiritual life, through the "filial piety", through "filial piety". And the family blood which is built by the funeral rite, inherits and continues this kind of life will, and finally realizes the ultimate transcendence of "the unity of heaven and man", and constructs the harmony of the universe, society and life. And Socrates is to set up the moral pursuit of "good", to get rid of the physical desire, to torture the mind in the pure and rational state, to obtain virtue and pursue the truth. In order to make the soul reach the other side of happiness and realize the immortal existence of man after death. The fifth chapter, through the understanding of Confucius and Socrates's outlook on life and death, faces the real world's philosophical torture on life and death, proposes to construct mission consciousness and achieve life transcendence. It helps us to better ground to life and death, and how to regain it in today's society. The meaning of the pursuit of life and death.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B502.231;B222.2

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本文編號(hào)：2028003