本文選題：孔子 + 禮教思想　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：作為中國傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分,孔子的禮教思想有著充實的內(nèi)容和豐富的內(nèi)涵,對其進(jìn)行科學(xué)的梳理和深入的研究,有著極其深刻的現(xiàn)實意義。本文詳細(xì)論述了孔子禮教思想產(chǎn)生的淵源和孔子禮教思想的主要內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)、社會功用及時代局限,分析了孔子禮教思想的研究意義,并緊密結(jié)合當(dāng)前我國積極推進(jìn)社會主義法治建設(shè)、文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè)和構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會的實際,來探討它所呈現(xiàn)的當(dāng)代價值。從禮的起源來看,它最早起源于原始社會的巫術(shù),當(dāng)時的人們十分迷信,生活的各個方面都與巫術(shù)緊密相連,人們在進(jìn)行祭神儀式時,必須要有音樂舞蹈的配合,所以就出現(xiàn)了最早期的禮和樂。隨著人類社會的發(fā)展,在進(jìn)入階級社會后,為了滿足社會公共事務(wù)的需求,作為社會規(guī)范的“禮樂”制度,經(jīng)過逐步演化、完善、發(fā)展和改造,其神秘色彩逐步減弱,政治、倫理色彩逐漸濃厚,其內(nèi)容不斷地完善,從而漸漸形成了比較完備而規(guī)范的“禮”。禮作為人類文明的一個標(biāo)志,禮就是一種秩序和情感。從操作層面看,禮包含了禮物、禮儀、禮義三個要素,從意識形態(tài)看,禮是理性化的、緣飾化的,它屬于一種秩序。周公旦在繼承和革新夏、商兩朝禮制的基礎(chǔ)上,制禮作樂,將社會生活的各個方面,比如祭祀、喪葬、飲食、起居等等,都納入“禮”的范疇,從而創(chuàng)建出了一整套豐富、完備且極具可操作性的禮樂制度,這種禮樂制度潛移默化地約束、影響、規(guī)范著人們的行為,就形成了周代的禮制。周禮內(nèi)容豐富而完整,包羅萬象,它在保留事神禮儀的同時,還進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展了禮儀的事項和豐富了禮儀的內(nèi)容,使禮節(jié)儀項涵蓋當(dāng)時社會的政治關(guān)系、等級秩序、道德倫理、思想感情等等方面,它是維護(hù)宗法等級制度以及血緣宗法關(guān)系的精神原則和言行規(guī)范�！岸Y崩樂壞”是孔子禮教思想產(chǎn)生的時代背景,它是在“因周禮而有所損益”的基礎(chǔ)上繼承、革新和發(fā)展而形成的�？鬃影选爸芏Y”從“神治”的思想中解脫出來,突破周禮限制,主張“禮”的平民化,德治于民,并提出了“仁”“禮”結(jié)合的思想,進(jìn)一步明確了“禮”的價值內(nèi)涵。其思想內(nèi)涵主要表現(xiàn)“克己復(fù)禮”、“正名”、“禮教”即“理教”等方面,“知行并重”、“內(nèi)外兼修”、“以仁為本”、“復(fù)古”與“維新”是其主要特征,人外在行為上的禮儀規(guī)范、“禮治”的管理理念、“禮之用,和為貴”的思想是孔子禮教思想的重要內(nèi)容。孔子禮教思想的應(yīng)用主要表現(xiàn)在以禮修身、以禮治國、以禮貴和三個方面。孔子禮教思想具有廣泛的社會功用和個人功用,它是個人修身立命的首要條件,具有調(diào)節(jié)人際關(guān)系的功能,更是治國安民的首要準(zhǔn)則,它能約束人的行為,陶冶人的情操,升華人的思想。在中國古代,受當(dāng)時社會經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治體制及生產(chǎn)方式的約束,為了維護(hù)封建階級統(tǒng)治的需要,后世在對孔子的禮教思想繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)的過程中,讓孔子的禮教思想不可避免地出現(xiàn)了一定的時代局限性、保守性、繁縟性和虛偽性,主要表現(xiàn)在“刑不上大夫,禮不下庶人”、“三綱五�！薄ⅰ叭龔乃牡隆钡鹊确矫�,這些禮教思想的局限性,在中國歷史上造成了無數(shù)的血淚悲劇,嚴(yán)重束縛了人們的思想行為,成為了社會進(jìn)步的巨大障礙。孔子禮教思想是人修身立命之道,是君子之道,是為政之要,其禮與人的自然情感和內(nèi)在道德自覺密切相關(guān),是規(guī)定社會行為的法則和規(guī)范,對于當(dāng)下的社會,具有重要的當(dāng)代價值和極為深遠(yuǎn)的現(xiàn)實意義。主要表現(xiàn)在,它有助于增強(qiáng)當(dāng)下國民的規(guī)則意識,加強(qiáng)社會主義文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè),推進(jìn)社會主義法治建設(shè),促進(jìn)社會主義和諧社會建設(shè)等方面�！岸Y”是孔子禮教思想體系的核心,是規(guī)則意識的重要基礎(chǔ)�？鬃犹岢觥安粚W(xué)禮,無以立”,稱自己“七十而從心所欲,不逾矩”,真正達(dá)到了遵循規(guī)則乃至習(xí)以為常的自覺境界。在此基礎(chǔ)上,孟子進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了規(guī)則意識的重要性,提出了“無規(guī)矩,不成方圓”。這些思想對于當(dāng)前增強(qiáng)國民規(guī)則意識具有重要的作用。通過對孔子禮教思想和現(xiàn)代禮儀文化進(jìn)行研究,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),儒家的禮教思想對現(xiàn)代禮儀文化產(chǎn)生了非常重要的影響,諸如對人們言行舉止、社交禮儀以及節(jié)日習(xí)俗等等,這些禮儀規(guī)范世世代代地影響著中國人,并已經(jīng)成為了中國人的一種獨(dú)特的內(nèi)在氣質(zhì),禮儀文化也成為了當(dāng)下我國加強(qiáng)社會主義文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè)的一項重要內(nèi)容�？鬃又鲝垺岸Y治”,他認(rèn)為禮的主要功能在于規(guī)范和教化,而法則是重點(diǎn)在于違禮之后的懲戒,兩者相輔相成。當(dāng)前,中國要推進(jìn)社會主義法治建設(shè),實現(xiàn)民主法治、安定有序的治國方針,還需要“禮法并舉”,讓禮治與法治相輔相成�？鬃犹岢觥岸Y之用,和為貴”、“君子和而不同”、“己所不欲,勿施于人”以及“天人合一”等等思想,講到了人與人、人與自然和諧相處之道,這些思想對當(dāng)下構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會具有積極的指導(dǎo)意義。孔子作為中國古代杰出的思想家、教育家、倫理學(xué)家,他的“禮教”思想,實際上是一部道德理論的法典,是集上古文化之大成,他總結(jié)了往昔的倫理道德學(xué)說及相關(guān)理論,內(nèi)容豐富,體系完善,特點(diǎn)鮮明,在個人生活和國家治理中都具有極為重要的作用和意義。深刻認(rèn)識孔子的禮教思想,對于宏遠(yuǎn)中華傳統(tǒng)文化,促進(jìn)中國素質(zhì)教育發(fā)展,構(gòu)建“法治”和“禮治”雙重社會秩序,規(guī)范適應(yīng)時代需要的社會倫理道德規(guī)范體系,促進(jìn)中國傳統(tǒng)文化走向世界有著極為重要的意義。
[Abstract]:As an important part of Chinese traditional culture, Confucius's etiquette thought has a full content and rich connotation. It has a profound and practical significance to carry out a scientific combing and in-depth study of it. This article expounds the origin of Confucius's etiquette and the main contents and characteristics of Confucius's etiquette and the social function. And the limitations of the times, this paper analyzes the significance of the study of Confucius's etiquette, and closely combines with the reality of the construction of the socialist rule of law, the construction of a cultural power and the construction of a socialist harmonious society, to explore the contemporary value that it presents. From the origin of rites, it originated from the witchcraft of the primitive society, and the people of that time were at the time. It is very superstitious that all aspects of life are closely connected with witchcraft. People must cooperate with music and dance in the ceremony of offering sacrifices to the gods, so the earliest rites and music appeared. With the development of human society, after entering the class society, in order to meet the needs of social public affairs, the system of "rite and music" as a social norm, After the gradual evolution, perfection, development and transformation, its mysterious color gradually weakened, political and ethical color was gradually strong, its content was constantly perfected, and gradually formed a relatively complete and standardized "rite". As a symbol of human civilization, rite is a rank order and emotion. From the operational level, gift bags contain gifts, etiquette, rites. Three elements of righteousness, from the ideology of ideology, ritual is rationalized, and it belongs to a kind of order. Zhou Gongdan, on the basis of the inheritance and innovation of summer, on the basis of the ritual system of two dynasties, made rites and music, and all aspects of social life, such as sacrificial sacrifices, burial, diet and living, etc., were all included in the category of "Rites", thus creating a complete set of riches. The etiquette and music system, which is prepared and highly operable, is imperceptibly restrained, influenced, and standardizes people's behavior, and forms the rite system of Zhou Dai. The contents of the Zhou ceremony are rich and complete and all inclusive. While preserving the etiquette of the gods, it further expands the items of the ritual and enriches the content of etiquette, so that etiquette culverts culvert. The social political relations, rank order, moral ethics, thoughts and feelings, etc., are the spiritual principles and the norms of the relationship between the patriarchal hierarchy and the consanguinity and patriarchal relations. "Rite and music" is the background of the generation of Confucius's thought of etiquette, which is inherited, reformed and issued on the basis of the profit and loss of the Zhou Dynasty. The exhibition was formed. Confucius liberated the "Zhou Li" from the thought of "the rule of God", broke through the restriction of the Zhou Li, advocated the commonage of the "Rites", the rule of virtue and the people, and put forward the thought of "benevolence" and "Rites", and further clarified the value connotation of "rite". In the aspects of "theory and education", "both knowledge and practice", "both internal and external", "benevolence", "regu" and "Wei Xin" are its main features, the etiquette norms of the external behavior, the management idea of "ritual treatment", the idea of "rite use and harmony" are the important contents of Confucius's etiquette thought. The main table of the application of Confucius's etiquette ideology At present, it is the first condition that Confucius's moral education has extensive social function and personal function. It is the primary condition for personal repair and life, and it has the function of regulating the interpersonal relationship, and it is the first criterion to govern the country and the people. It can restrain the behavior of the people, cultivate the sentiment of the people, and sublimate the thought of the people in China. In ancient times, under the constraints of social economy, political system and mode of production at that time, in order to maintain the needs of feudal class rule, later generations in the process of inheriting and developing Confucius's etiquette and teaching thought, Confucius's etiquette thought inevitably appeared certain time limitations, conservatism, red tape and hypocrisy, mainly manifested in "not to be punished". The limitations of "three programs and five virtues", "three programs and five virtues", "three programs and five virtues" and so on, have caused numerous blood and tears tragedies in Chinese history, seriously hampered people's ideological and behavioral behavior, and became a huge obstacle to social progress. Kong Zili's teaching thought is the way of man's life and life, the way of gentleman, and the politics of politics. It is closely related to the natural emotion and inner moral consciousness of the people. It is the rule and standard for the regulation of social behavior. It has important contemporary value and profound realistic significance for the present society. It is mainly manifested in strengthening the awareness of the rule of the present people, strengthening the construction of the socialist cultural power and promoting the society. The construction of the rule of law and the construction of a socialist harmonious society. "Rite" is the core of the ideological system of Confucius's rites and an important basis for the consciousness of rules. Confucius proposed that "do not learn the rites and not stand up", and called themselves "seventy and do not exceed the moment", and truly achieved the conscious state that follows the rules and is accustomed to it. On the basis of this, Mencius further emphasized the importance of the sense of rule and put forward "no rules and no Cheng Fangyuan". These ideas have an important role in strengthening the consciousness of the national rule. Through the study of Confucius's etiquette and modern etiquette culture, we can find that the Confucian ethics of etiquette has produced a non - modern etiquette culture. The often important influence, such as people's behavior, social etiquette and festival customs, etc., these etiquette norms affect the Chinese people for generations and have become a unique internal temperament of the Chinese people. The etiquette culture has also become an important part of the construction of our country to strengthen the cultural power of the society. Confucius He believes that the main function of ritual lies in standardization and enlightenment, and the law is the key to the punishment after the violation, and the two complement each other. At present, China should promote the construction of the socialist rule of law, realize the democratic rule of law, the stable and orderly policy of governing the country, and the "ceremony and law", so that the rule of rites and the rule of law complement each other. Confucius proposed that " Confucius, an outstanding thinker and educator in ancient China, has a positive guiding meaning to the present construction of a socialist harmonious society. Ethicists, his "etiquette" thought, in fact, is a code of moral theory, is a collection of ancient culture, he summed up the old ethics and related theories, rich in content, perfect system, distinctive features, in personal life and national governance have a very important role and significance. A profound understanding of the rites of Confucius. Teaching thought is of great importance to the Chinese traditional culture, the development of Chinese quality education, the construction of the dual social order of "rule of law" and "rule of Rites", and the standard of social ethics and morality to meet the needs of the times, and the promotion of Chinese traditional culture to the world.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B222

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