本文選題：意志　切入點(diǎn)：充足理由律　出處：《延邊大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：一個(gè)狂傲不羈的、孤獨(dú)緘默并擁有著無窮魅力的天才于1860年溘然長逝,但是他的智慧與影響卻永久的流傳下來。亞瑟·叔本華在整個(gè)哲學(xué)史中的地位是無法忽視的,他是歷史上第一個(gè)公開反對(duì)理性主義的哲學(xué)家,并開創(chuàng)非理性主義哲學(xué)的先河,是唯意志論的開山鼻祖。世界的本源問題是所有哲學(xué)研究的開端,在了解本源問題的同時(shí),哲學(xué)家們陷入了沉思,如果有一種東西或一個(gè)事物也可以說假使存在(現(xiàn)不考慮存"存在意義"問題)一個(gè)或一些本源,那么在本源范疇下(這里不加入康德"范疇"概念)是什么推動(dòng)著事物的變化和發(fā)展,換言之是什么成為事物(世界)運(yùn)動(dòng)和改變的原因(我把這一過程稱為"動(dòng)向",在后面的論述中會(huì)有多處提及),這一概念可以粗略理解為接近于物理學(xué)中的"第一推動(dòng)"理論。本文從叔本華形而上學(xué)部分最根本的核心思想來源開始總結(jié)該問題,其形而上學(xué)的理論主要來自于康德、亞里士多德、笛卡爾、斯賓諾莎和柏拉圖,在一定的研究基礎(chǔ)上亞里士多德提出事物"動(dòng)向"的四種原因,分別是形式因、質(zhì)料因、目的因和動(dòng)力因,這四種原因分別從形式狀態(tài)、構(gòu)成狀態(tài)、動(dòng)機(jī)出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿中總結(jié)"第一推動(dòng)"問題。叔本華從亞里士多德那里得到啟示深化和提煉了這些原因,通過柏拉圖的"理念"發(fā)展了自己的意志論思想基礎(chǔ),并經(jīng)過對(duì)康德"物自體"概念的批判和先驗(yàn)理論的融糅,提出主體對(duì)象的四個(gè)層次,以及在其中居支配地位的充足理由律形式,叔本華把它叫做充足理由律的四重根。充足理由律通過這四個(gè)形式而表現(xiàn)出自己,他認(rèn)為這四種形式并不作為證明充足理由律的原因,在現(xiàn)象學(xué)角度可以理解為充足理由律通過這四種形式來證明闡釋原因的同時(shí)且通過其本身并自我顯現(xiàn)。這四個(gè)形式本文總結(jié)為第一,生成的根據(jù)律。第二,認(rèn)識(shí)的根據(jù)律。第三,存在的根據(jù)律。第四,行為的根據(jù)律。在第四個(gè)行為動(dòng)機(jī)律上,叔本華認(rèn)為每一個(gè)行為必有其動(dòng)機(jī)上的原因,并從其本身證明顯現(xiàn),而得到一定的解釋,這一研究和討論也促使他完成他的成名巨著《作為意志和表象的世界》。所以叔本華的整體思想從縱向上看,《充足理由律的四重根》一書則是其全部哲學(xué)思想的基石和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。在此之后的思想則形成非理性主義開端和唯意志論的開創(chuàng)。本文從其思想的源泉介入,對(duì)其四個(gè)根據(jù)律分別展開討論和研究,不偏不倚,最大程度上保持原意,深入探討其哲學(xué)形成的來源和理論內(nèi)涵。
[Abstract]:A proud, solitary, silent and charismatic genius passed away in 1860, but his wisdom and influence passed on forever. Arthur Schopenhauer's place in the history of philosophy cannot be ignored. He was the first philosopher in history to openly oppose rationalism, and he pioneered the philosophy of irrationalism. He was the originator of the doctrine of will. The origin of the world is the beginning of all philosophical studies, and at the same time understanding the origin of the problem. Philosophers are lost in contemplation, if there is something or a thing that can be said to exist (not now considering the question of existential meaning) one or some of its origins, Well, what drives the change and development of things in the context of origin (the concept of Kant's category is not added here), In other words, what is the cause of the movement and change of things (I call this process "movement"), which will be referred to in a number of places later in the discussion, and this concept can be roughly understood as close to the "first order" in physics. The first is to push the theory. This paper begins with the source of the most fundamental core thought of Schopenhauer's metaphysics. His metaphysical theory mainly comes from Kant, Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza and Plato. On the basis of certain research, Aristotle puts forward the four reasons of "trend" of things, namely, form cause, material reason. Objective cause and motive factor, these four kinds of reasons summarize the "first push" question in form state, constitution state, motive starting point and destination respectively. Schopenhauer gets enlightenment from Aristotle to deepen and refine these reasons. Through Plato's "idea", the author develops his own ideological basis of volition, and through the criticism of Kant's "substance" concept and the blending of transcendental theory, puts forward four levels of subject object. Schopenhauer called it the quadrilateral root of the law of sufficient reason, and the form of the law of sufficient reason in which it dominates. The law of sufficient reason expresses itself through these four forms. In his opinion, these four forms do not serve as a reason to prove the law of sufficient reason. From the phenomenological point of view, the law of sufficient reason can be understood as the law of sufficient reason to prove the explanation of the reason through these four forms and to show itself through itself. These four forms are summarized in this paper as the first, the law of the basis of the generation, and the second, On the fourth behavioral motivation law, Schopenhauer thinks that every act must have its own motive reason, and from its own proof to show, and get a certain explanation. This research and discussion also prompted him to complete his famous masterpiece, the World as will and representation. So Schopenhauer's whole thought is vertically based on all his philosophical thoughts, the Quadric Roots of the Law of sufficient reason. Stone and technical foundation. After this, the thought forms the beginning of irrationalism and the creation of volitionalism. The four principles are discussed and studied in order to be impartial, to maintain their original intention to the greatest extent, and to probe into the origin and theoretical connotation of their philosophy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：延邊大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B516.41

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