本文關(guān)鍵詞：考茨基的唯物主義歷史觀研究　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 考茨基 唯物主義歷史觀 達(dá)爾文主義 經(jīng)濟(jì)決定論 貢獻(xiàn)與局限

【摘要】：第二國(guó)際理論家沒(méi)有一個(gè)像考茨基那樣,其地位以及影響力經(jīng)歷了如此巨大的變化,因此必須把考茨基的思想與它所經(jīng)歷的變化以及造成這些變化的具體條件聯(lián)系起來(lái),加以考察。本文將考茨基的思想歷程劃分為前馬克思主義時(shí)期、馬克思主義時(shí)期和非正統(tǒng)馬克思主義時(shí)期。在前馬克思主義時(shí)期,考茨基在政治思想上經(jīng)歷了激進(jìn)捷克民族主義到模糊的社會(huì)主義的過(guò)程；在科學(xué)思想上主要受到達(dá)爾文主義的影響,并且構(gòu)成考茨基的新的世界觀；而馬克思遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有引起考茨基的注意,他對(duì)馬克思還是持淡漠的姿態(tài),并對(duì)馬克思理論采取批評(píng)和不信任態(tài)度。然而隨著與伯恩施坦的交往以及向恩格斯的學(xué)習(xí),從十九世紀(jì)八十年代開(kāi)始,考茨基逐漸從浪漫的、自然科學(xué)的社會(huì)主義逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫哂卸鞲袼箖A向的馬克思主義者,并最終逐漸成為卓越的馬克思主義理論家。在到一戰(zhàn)前夕的時(shí)期內(nèi),考茨基不僅應(yīng)對(duì)了來(lái)自伯恩施坦等右派的挑戰(zhàn),并且在政治實(shí)踐等問(wèn)題上也與以盧森堡為代表的左派進(jìn)行了爭(zhēng)論。最后,從1914年第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)直到1938年考茨基逝世,由于考茨基在對(duì)待戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)問(wèn)題上的中間立場(chǎng)和采取了社會(huì)民主主義的立場(chǎng)去反對(duì)布爾什維克政權(quán),從而使自己陷入了政治上的孤立境地,與社會(huì)民主黨大多數(shù)處于對(duì)立狀態(tài),而又不能使少數(shù)派感到滿意。雖然考茨基的思想發(fā)展及其地位經(jīng)歷了巨大的反差,但是晚年考茨基仍然用唯物主義歷史觀總結(jié)其一生工作,并將其看作用以思想和工作的方法。在考茨基看來(lái),唯物主義歷史觀的本質(zhì)就是一種科學(xué)的、有原則的歷史觀,即歷史科學(xué)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,把人性和人類社會(huì)作為唯物主義歷史觀的研究對(duì)象,指出前者是歷史由之發(fā)端的前提,而對(duì)后者進(jìn)行研究時(shí),確定了以生產(chǎn)方式為主要因素,綜合地理?xiàng)l件、民族特性等具體因素方法,確定了人類社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的多樣性和特殊性道路。在研究人類社會(huì)時(shí),考茨基從階級(jí)、國(guó)家、社會(huì)革命和無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)等三個(gè)層面展開(kāi)了分析論述。在階級(jí)和國(guó)家的起源上,考茨基反對(duì)恩格斯的“樸素暴力論”的內(nèi)部假說(shuō),而主張階級(jí)和國(guó)家起源于部落之間的征服戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。至于階級(jí)和階級(jí)對(duì)立的消亡,考茨基指出不應(yīng)該特別強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)家的消亡,而是應(yīng)該更多地指向國(guó)家職能的轉(zhuǎn)變,并將階級(jí)消亡之后的新的共同體稱之為工人國(guó)家。在無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)中,考茨基沒(méi)有否定暴力革命的形式,但更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)了民主的作用,所以非常主張以議會(huì)改革的方式和平奪取政權(quán),實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義。對(duì)于考茨基的唯物主義歷史觀及其政治思想,第二國(guó)際內(nèi)部理論家、早期西方馬克思主義者和列寧都與其展開(kāi)了論爭(zhēng)或?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行批判。在與第二國(guó)際理論家的論爭(zhēng)中,其主要焦點(diǎn)集中于資本主義民主制度的性質(zhì)、政治性群眾罷工的討論、帝國(guó)主義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以及社會(huì)主義是科學(xué)還是倫理等方面。早期西方馬克思主義對(duì)以考茨基為代表的正統(tǒng)馬克思主義者的批判集中于哲學(xué)層面,主要指責(zé)考茨基的庸俗馬克思主義忽視了馬克思哲學(xué)與黑格爾哲學(xué)之間的緊密關(guān)聯(lián),從而忽視辯證法在馬克思主義哲學(xué)的核心地位,造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)決定論和實(shí)證主義。在列寧看來(lái),這位昔日的“導(dǎo)師”對(duì)馬克思和恩格斯學(xué)說(shuō)的背叛最突出的表現(xiàn)在忘記暴力革命以及歪曲無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)專政,并且認(rèn)為折衷主義、詭辯論是考茨基對(duì)待馬克思主義的常見(jiàn)態(tài)度。最后,本文基于對(duì)考茨基唯物主義歷史觀基本思想的考察,在總體上評(píng)價(jià)了考茨基思想的理論貢獻(xiàn)和局限。就理論貢獻(xiàn)來(lái)說(shuō)歸結(jié)為三方面,其一,考茨基的唯物主義歷史觀中滲透了社會(huì)人類學(xué)批判維度；其二,考茨基對(duì)馬克思主義倫理學(xué)的闡發(fā)與捍衛(wèi)做出了貢獻(xiàn)；其三,考茨基對(duì)馬克思的唯物史觀經(jīng)典序言做了進(jìn)一步的闡發(fā),體現(xiàn)了考茨基探索唯物主義歷史觀新的發(fā)展方向的嘗試和努力,在馬克思主義哲學(xué)史上是值得肯定的。就局限來(lái)說(shuō),歸結(jié)為兩個(gè)方面,首先由于否定馬克思主義與哲學(xué)的關(guān)系,在對(duì)馬克思主義的理解中帶有實(shí)證主義和折衷主義色彩；其次,由于沒(méi)有理解馬克思實(shí)踐唯物主義的哲學(xué)革命,所以導(dǎo)致了仍停留在舊唯物主義立場(chǎng),并且在歷史主義和發(fā)生學(xué)的層面上理解辯證法。本文最后對(duì)考茨基作為達(dá)爾文主義、經(jīng)濟(jì)決定論等否定性評(píng)價(jià),進(jìn)行了嘗試性的回應(yīng),以期更準(zhǔn)確地了解考茨基思想的特色、貢獻(xiàn)和局限,也希望為下一步深入研究提供更細(xì)微的方向。
[Abstract]:Not one of the second international theorists like Kautsky, its status and influence has experienced such a huge change, so we should combine the specific conditions, Kautsky's thought and it experienced changes as well as the cause of these changes. This paper will examine Kautsky's thinking process is divided into before Marx's period, the Romantic Period and non Marx the orthodox Marx socialistperiod. Before Marx's time, Kautsky in the political ideology of Czech experienced radical nationalism to process fuzzy socialism; influence on the scientific thought to be the main form of Darwinism, and Kautsky's new world view; and Marx is not attracted the attention of Kautsky, he is still holding the indifferent attitude for Marx, the theory of Marx and take criticism and distrust. However, with Bernstein to the To learn and to Engels, from the beginning of 1880s, Kautsky gradually from the romantic, natural science has gradually transformed into a socialist tendencies Engels Marx doctrine, and eventually become the remarkable Marx theorists. In the period to a war on the eve of Kautsky, not only in response to the Bernstein on the right and in the political challenges. Practice on the issues with Luxemburg as the representative of the left argument. Finally, from 1914 the outbreak of the first World War until the death of Kautsky in 1938, the Kautsky middle ground in dealing with the problem of war and take the social democratic position to go against the Bull J Vic regime, which lead us into isolated politically, and most of the Social Democratic Party in a state of confrontation, and cannot make the minority satisfied. Although Kautsky The thought of development and status has undergone tremendous contrast, but later Kautsky still uses historical materialism to summarize the work of life, and its effect to way of thinking and work. In Kautsky's opinion, historical materialism is the essence of a scientific view of history, principle, namely in the science of history. On the basis of the human nature and human society as the research object of historical materialism, and points out that the former is the premise of history from the beginning, and the research on the latter, to determine the mode of production as the main factor, the comprehensive method of geographical conditions, national characteristics and other specific factors, determine the historical development of human society and diversity special road. In the study of human society, Kautsky from class, country, three levels of social revolution and the proletarian movement launched is discussed. The origin of class and country, kouts Radical opposition to Engels's "simple violence theory" of the internal hypothesis, and advocated the class and the country originated in the tribal wars of conquest. As for the demise of the class and class opposition, Kautsky pointed out that should not be particularly emphasized that the country's demise, but should shift more toward state functions, and will die after the new class called community the workers' state. In the proletarian socialist movement, Kautsky did not deny the form of violent revolution, but more emphasis on the role of democracy, so it advocated parliamentary reform peacefully seize power, realizing socialism. For Kautsky's historical materialism and political thought, within the second international theorists, the early Western Marx Marxist and Lenin and launched a debate or to criticize it. In the debate with the second international theorists in the main focus Focus on the nature of capitalist democracy, discuss political mass strikes, the imperialist war and socialism is scientific or ethical aspects of early Western criticism of Marx. With Kautsky as the representative of the orthodox Marx doctrine focused on the philosophical level, the main accused Kautsky of vulgar Marx doctrine ignore the close association between the philosophy of Marx and Hagel philosophy, thus ignoring dialectics in the core of Marx's philosophy, resulting in economic determinism and positivism. In the view of Lenin, the former mentor of Marx and Engels's theory rebelled against the most prominent performance in the forgotten violent revolution and distorted the dictatorship of the proletariat, and eclecticism, sophistry is a common attitude towards Kautsky the Marx doctrine. Finally, this paper based on the historical materialism of Kautsky Study on the basic ideas, the overall assessment of Kautsky thought the theoretical contributions and limitations. The theoretical contribution attributed to three aspects, one of Kautsky's historical materialism permeated the criticism of Social Anthropology dimension; second, Kautsky contributed to Marx's ethical analysis and learn to defend; third, Kautsky Marx's historical materialism classic introduction to do further analysis, reflects Kautsky's exploration of the historical materialism of the development direction of the new attempt and effort in Marx's philosophy of history is worthy of recognition. The limitations, has two aspects, first of all because the relationship between negative Marx doctrine and philosophy, with positivism and eclecticism the color in the understanding of Marx's philosophical revolution; secondly, because no understanding of Marx's practical materialism, that leads to still stop In the old materialism, and the history and the occurrence of the level of understanding of dialectics. At the end of this paper, Kautsky as Darwinism, economic determinism and negative evaluation, attempts to make a response, in order to more accurately understand the characteristics of Kautsky's thought, contributions and limitations, and also hope to provide more subtle direction for the further research.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B03

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