【摘要】：研究背景 水是構(gòu)成自然環(huán)境的基本要素,是地球上的重要資源,也是一切生命系統(tǒng)生存和發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。地球總水量為13.8億km3,淡水儲(chǔ)量為3500余萬(wàn)km3,占總儲(chǔ)量的2.53%；我國(guó)淡水資源總量為2800km3,占全球水資源的6%,但是我國(guó)擁有13億人口,人均淡水資源量只有2300m3,僅為世界平均水平的1/4。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展,水的地位與作用受到世界普遍關(guān)注,我國(guó)的淡水資源存在嚴(yán)重的短缺問(wèn)題。 生活飲用水是人類(lèi)生存不可缺少的要素,安全的飲用水更是人類(lèi)生存的基本要求。近年來(lái),由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展、治污技術(shù)和工作的相對(duì)滯后,全國(guó)很多河流和不少城市地表水和地下水已受到不同程度的污染,七大流域有一半以上的地表水不適合居民飲用,生活飲用水安全問(wèn)題十分嚴(yán)峻�！吨袊�(guó)農(nóng)村飲用水安全工程管理實(shí)踐與探索》稱(chēng),中國(guó)農(nóng)村飲用水水源地水質(zhì)和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況形勢(shì)非常嚴(yán)峻,天然劣質(zhì)水問(wèn)題突出,農(nóng)村飲用水水源地污染嚴(yán)重。2008年《中國(guó)水業(yè)政策與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析》指出,目前中國(guó)有8000多萬(wàn)農(nóng)村人口飲用水含氟量超過(guò)生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn),4000多萬(wàn)人在飲用苦咸水,200萬(wàn)人受到飲用水砷污染的影響。 農(nóng)村飲用水安全是反映農(nóng)村居民生活質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)志之一,也是衡量社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人類(lèi)生活質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)。為摸清聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水安全現(xiàn)狀,為以后生活飲用水的改善和提高提供依據(jù),聊城市疾病預(yù)防控制中心于2008-2011年連續(xù)對(duì)聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水進(jìn)行水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)和檢測(cè),為完善農(nóng)村飲用水水質(zhì)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),促進(jìn)廣大農(nóng)民群眾飲用水水質(zhì)質(zhì)量的提高,從根本上解決農(nóng)村飲用水安全問(wèn)題,切實(shí)促進(jìn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)事業(yè)的和諧快速發(fā)展提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 研究目的 本研究的主要目的是通過(guò)對(duì)聊城市最近四年農(nóng)村生活飲用水水質(zhì)調(diào)查分析,了解聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水水質(zhì)變化及供水現(xiàn)狀,分析農(nóng)村生活飲用水水質(zhì)安全狀況影響因素,為制定農(nóng)村地區(qū)飲水安全發(fā)展規(guī)劃提供參考和依據(jù)。具體目的如下：1、本研究通過(guò)對(duì)聊城市2008-2011年的農(nóng)村飲用水水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果分析,及時(shí)掌握聊城市農(nóng)村地區(qū)生活飲用水水質(zhì)變化及供水現(xiàn)狀；2、為制定聊城市農(nóng)村地區(qū)生活飲用水安全發(fā)展規(guī)劃、建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村積累數(shù)據(jù)資料、提供科學(xué)依據(jù)；3、保障廣大農(nóng)民群眾能夠飲用安全、衛(wèi)生的生活飲水,有效提高農(nóng)村地區(qū)居民的生活質(zhì)量和健康水平,促進(jìn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)事業(yè)的和諧發(fā)展。 資料與方法 按照《全國(guó)農(nóng)村飲水安全工程“十一五”規(guī)劃》要求,隨機(jī)選擇聊城市已建成的8個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))的農(nóng)村集中式供水安全工程作為監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)象,要求為供水量達(dá)到20噸/日(供水人口約200人)以上的集中式供水工程。各監(jiān)測(cè)縣(市、區(qū))根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r選擇監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn),并相對(duì)固定保持連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)。采集樣本之前先對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的水質(zhì)基本情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查,填寫(xiě)調(diào)查表并做好各項(xiàng)記錄。集中式供水監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)在枯水期和豐水期各取一次水樣包括出廠水和末梢水兩份水樣。出廠水在送水泵房(二級(jí)泵房)采樣或在距送水泵房最近的水龍頭采樣；末梢水在居民家中的水龍頭采樣,用盛水容器直接取樣。每年的3-4月進(jìn)行枯水期樣品的采集,7-8月進(jìn)行豐水期樣品的采集。檢測(cè)指標(biāo)包括感官性狀和一般化學(xué)指標(biāo),毒理學(xué)指標(biāo),細(xì)菌學(xué)指標(biāo),與消毒有關(guān)的指標(biāo)。水質(zhì)檢測(cè)結(jié)果按照GB5749—2006《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。采用回顧性流行病學(xué)調(diào)查方法,收集2008-2011年聊城市農(nóng)村飲用水水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)信息,采用SPSS16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,率間的比較采用X2檢驗(yàn),P0.05差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 1聊城市農(nóng)村飲用水安全工程總體效果顯著,基本解決了某些區(qū)域長(zhǎng)年飲用苦水、咸水、高氟水(除個(gè)別輕度超標(biāo))問(wèn)題,多數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)正常,較以往大大改善了村民的飲水現(xiàn)狀。 2聊城市農(nóng)村集中式供水系統(tǒng)供水設(shè)施未進(jìn)行有效的工藝處理,沒(méi)有消毒設(shè)備,一旦有病原體污染水源,很可能發(fā)生腸道傳染病的爆發(fā)。 32008-2011年聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水總合格率較低。 42008-2011年聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水氟化物、硫酸鹽和總硬度的合格率較低,需要相應(yīng)部門(mén)及時(shí)采取針對(duì)性措施,確保農(nóng)村生活飲用水的安全。 5除了2009年,2008-2011年聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水細(xì)菌學(xué)指標(biāo)合格率枯水期高于豐水期。 62008-2011年聊城市農(nóng)村生活飲用水感官性狀和一般化學(xué)指標(biāo)、砷、硝酸鹽的合格率無(wú)顯著差異,表明該地區(qū)農(nóng)村生活飲用水理化指標(biāo)比較穩(wěn)定。 建議 1提高對(duì)農(nóng)村飲用水安全問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí),加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)村飲用水安全建設(shè)工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),抓緊理順?biāo)畡?wù)管理體制。 2根據(jù)各地經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展水平和水資源條件,科學(xué)規(guī)劃,合理布局。 3各級(jí)政府要發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用,加大投入力度,特別是本地財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)投入,建立農(nóng)村村級(jí)飲水工程長(zhǎng)效工作保障機(jī)制。 4完善農(nóng)村飲用水安全監(jiān)測(cè)體系,定期或不定期地對(duì)各類(lèi)飲水系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè),通報(bào)水質(zhì)狀況,指導(dǎo)農(nóng)民飲用安全水,發(fā)揮政府的管理作用。 5加強(qiáng)水源保護(hù),確保飲用水源水質(zhì)安全。 6廣泛開(kāi)展農(nóng)村飲用水安全科普知識(shí)宣傳教育。 7在高氟或高硬度水地區(qū)要加裝除氟裝置,并確保定期更換離子交換樹(shù)脂,降低水中有害元素的影響。
[Abstract]:Background of study Water is an essential element of the natural environment and is an important resource in the earth, and it is also a material for the survival and development of all life systems The total amount of fresh water in China is 13,800 million km3, and the fresh water reserves are 35 million km3, accounting for 2.53% of the total reserves; the total amount of fresh water resources in China is 2800km3, accounting for 6% of the global water resources. However, China has 1.3 billion people, and the per capita fresh water resource is only 2300m3, which is only 1 of the world average. 4. With the development of economy and society, the status and role of water are generally concerned by the world, and there is a serious shortage of fresh water resources in our country Problem. Drinking water is the indispensable element of human existence. Safe drinking water is the survival of human beings. In recent years, due to the rapid development of economy, the relative lagging of sewage treatment technology and work, many rivers and many cities in the country have been polluted by different degrees, and more than half of the surface water does not apply to the seven large basins. Drinking and drinking water safety questions for residents The problem is very serious. said that China's rural drinking water source area water quality and environmental sanitation situation is very serious, the natural poor water problem is outstanding, the pollution of drinking water sources in rural areas is serious. In 2008, China's water industry policy and risk It is pointed out that more than 80 million rural population drinking water in China currently has more than 80 million drinking water hygiene standards, more than 40 million people are drinking salt water, and 2 million people are drinking water arsenic The safety of drinking water in rural areas is one of the important signs reflecting the quality of life of rural residents, and it is also a measure of social and economic development and human life. It is an important index of living quality. In order to find out the present situation of safe drinking water in rural areas, we can provide the basis for the improvement and improvement of drinking water in the future. To improve the quality of drinking water quality in rural areas, to improve the quality of drinking water quality in rural areas, to solve the safety problems of drinking water in rural areas, and to promote the harmonious and rapid development of economic and social undertakings in rural areas. Development provision The main purpose of this study is to analyze the water quality of drinking water and the present situation of drinking water in the rural areas, and to analyze the rural life through the investigation and analysis of drinking water quality in the last four years. Factors affecting the safety of drinking water quality, in order to develop the drinking water in rural areas The purpose of this study is as follows: 1. Based on the analysis of the monitoring results of drinking water quality in rural drinking water from 2008 to 2011, the present study has a timely grasp of the change of drinking water quality and the present situation of water supply in urban rural areas; To provide scientific basis for the planning of safe development of domestic drinking water in the village area, to build a new socialist countryside accumulation data and to provide scientific basis; 3. To ensure that the masses of farmers can drink safe and sanitary living drinking water, effectively improve the living quality and health level of the residents in rural areas, and promote the rural areas regional economy and Harmonious development of social undertakings. Materials and Methods According to the 11th Five-Year Plan of the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project, the rural centralized water supply safety project of 8 counties (cities and districts) has been randomly selected as the monitoring object, which is required to reach 20 tons/ day (Centralized water supply project above 200 people (water supply population). Various monitoring counties (cities and districts) are based on Select monitoring points and keep continuous monitoring relative to fixed conditions. Prior to collecting samples, check the water quality of the monitoring points. The survey shall be conducted in this case, and all records shall be completed. Centralized water supply monitoring points shall be in dry season and abundant water. The water sample for each sampling period includes two water samples from the factory water and the tip water. The factory water is sampled at the water supply pump room (secondary pump room) or sampled at the nearest faucet from the water supply pump room; the tip water is in the water supply pump room (secondary pump room). Tap sampling at home of residents, take direct sampling with water container, and dry season 3-4 months each year. The collection of the samples, the sampling of the samples in the flood season from July to August, and the detection indexes include the organoleptic properties and the general chemical indexes. Toxicology indicators, bacteriological indicators, and disinfection-related indicators. The results of water quality inspection are in accordance with GB5749 To evaluate the hygienic standard of drinking water for drinking water in 2006-2011, a retrospective epidemiological investigation method was used to collect the information about the water quality of drinking water in the rural drinking water from 2008 to 2011. The statistical analysis and the comparison of the data were carried out by SPSS 10.0 software. Adoption The difference of X2 test and P0. 05 was statistically significant. Conclusion 1 The overall effect of drinking water safety project in rural drinking water is remarkable, which basically solves the problems of chronic drinking of bitter water, salt water and high fluorine water in some regions. most of the monitoring indexes are normal, and the drinking water situation of the villagers is greatly improved compared with the past. The disinfection equipment, once the pathogen contaminated water source, is likely to occur the intestinal infectious disease explosion Hair. 32008-2011, the total qualified rate of drinking water in the rural areas is lower. 42008-2011, drinking water fluoride, sulfate and total hardness of drinking water in urban rural areas The qualified rate of drinking water is low, and relevant departments are required to take relevant measures in time to ensure the safety of drinking water in rural areas. In addition to 2009 Year 2008-2011, the qualified rate of qualified rate of drinking water for drinking water in rural areas was higher than that in rainy season. rasterization There was no significant difference in the qualification rate of the indicators, arsenic and nitrate, which indicated that the physical and chemical indexes of drinking water in rural areas were relatively stable. 1. Raise awareness of the safety of drinking water in rural areas and strengthen the construction of drinking water in rural areas we should set up the leadership of the work and grasp the water affairs management system. According to the level of economic and social development and the conditions of water resources, the scientific planning and management system will be carried out. 3. The governments at all levels should play a leading role, increase investment intensity, especially the investment of local financial funds, establish long-acting safeguard mechanism for drinking water project in rural areas, and improve rural drinking. Safety monitoring system for water, periodic or irregular to various types Water quality monitoring shall be carried out in the drinking water system, the water quality status shall be reported, and the farmers shall be guided. people drink safe water, give play to the government's management role. Strengthen the protection of water source, make sure the water quality of drinking water is safe.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R123.9;X832

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 李夢(mèng)映;莫桂Y，

本文編號(hào)：2273837

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