2002-2012年中國(guó)居民零食消費(fèi)狀況及影響因素
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-09 19:53
【摘要】：目的1.分析2002-2012年我國(guó)6歲及以上居民零食消費(fèi)狀況、變化及其影響因素,為制定零食相關(guān)政策提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。2.利用《中國(guó)食物成分庫(kù)》(2002版、2004版)數(shù)據(jù),分析我國(guó)6歲及以上居民零食對(duì)能量及營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的貢獻(xiàn)。3.探討中國(guó)居民零食消費(fèi)與超重肥胖之間的關(guān)系,為改善中國(guó)居民超重肥胖狀況提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法1.研究對(duì)象納入的研究對(duì)象為“2002年中國(guó)居民營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康狀況調(diào)查”與“2012年中國(guó)居民營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康狀況監(jiān)測(cè)”中參加膳食調(diào)查和醫(yī)學(xué)體檢的6歲及以上所有人群(孕婦除外)。2.研究方法將3天24小時(shí)膳食回顧調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),與《中國(guó)食物成分表》(2002版和2004版)中的食物編碼、食物成分等信息合并,形成總的膳食數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),結(jié)合人口學(xué)資料和健康狀況數(shù)據(jù),分析2002年?duì)I養(yǎng)調(diào)查和2012年?duì)I養(yǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)6歲及以上中國(guó)居民零食消費(fèi)率、消費(fèi)量、對(duì)能量及主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的貢獻(xiàn)等。利用SAS9.4擬合多水平線性回歸模型,探討中國(guó)居民零食消費(fèi)的影響因素及與超重肥胖之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果1.研究人群基本情況2002年納入研究對(duì)象55079人,其中零食消費(fèi)者17687人,消費(fèi)人群中最多的是城市、男性、35～49歲、中等文化程度、高收入水平的人群。2012年納入研究對(duì)象49465人,其中零食消費(fèi)者21032人,消費(fèi)人群中最多的是城市、女性、50～64歲、中等文化程度、中等收入水平的人群。2.零食消費(fèi)率2002年我國(guó)6歲及以上居民的零食消費(fèi)率為35.1%,城市為50.7%,農(nóng)村為23.6%,其中6～11歲城市女童消費(fèi)率最高,為41.8%;2012年6歲及以上居民的零食消費(fèi)率為44.8%,城市和農(nóng)村分別為53.5%和32.6%,其中6-11歲城市女童消費(fèi)率最高,為67.8%。與2002年相比,2012年我國(guó)6歲及以上居民零食消費(fèi)率增長(zhǎng)了 9.7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。2002年和2012年的零食消費(fèi)率均隨文化程度、收入水平的升高而上升。2002年消費(fèi)率最高的前五類零食依次為水果類30.3%、糕點(diǎn)甜品類4.2%、谷薯雜糧類3.9%、豆類及堅(jiān)果3.6%和奶及制品3.5%。2012年消費(fèi)率最高的前五類零食依次為水果類37.0%、糕點(diǎn)甜品類9.0%、豆類及堅(jiān)果7.6%、奶及奶制品6.9%、飲料類3.9%。從2002年到2012年,谷薯雜糧類零食消費(fèi)率明顯下降,飲料類消費(fèi)率上升。3.零食消費(fèi)的影響因素分析科學(xué)建立多水平模型分析表明,在扣除“監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)效應(yīng)”之后,2002年和2012年居民是否消費(fèi)零食的主要影響因素一致,分別為地區(qū)、性別、年齡、文化程度、收入水平、是否鍛煉、是否吸煙、是否飲酒、是否吃早餐和膳食總能量。與2002年相比,2012年城鄉(xiāng)居民零食消費(fèi)率差異縮小,而性別之間零食消費(fèi)率差異增加。2012年城市居民攝入零食的幾率是農(nóng)村居民的3.06倍;女性攝入零食幾率是男性的1.57倍;6～11歲兒童青少年和65歲及以上成人零食消費(fèi)最高,前者的幾率是后者的3.08倍;而文化程度、收入水平越高,零食消費(fèi)幾率越高;從生活方式來(lái)看,參加鍛煉、飲酒、不吸煙、不吃早餐的人更傾向于吃零食;從飲食因素來(lái)看,零食消費(fèi)與膳食總能量呈正相關(guān)。4.消費(fèi)人群的分布特征從零食消費(fèi)人群的分布來(lái)看,2002年和2012年我國(guó)6歲及以上消費(fèi)人群的構(gòu)成比均為城市大于農(nóng)村,2002年35～49歲居民構(gòu)成比最大,到2012年構(gòu)成比最大的年齡組為50～64歲成人,消費(fèi)人群的分布有向城市化、大齡化轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢(shì),且性別間的差異增大。從零食的消費(fèi)時(shí)間來(lái)看,有由晚間攝入向白天攝入轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢(shì),且主要變化的是糕點(diǎn)甜品類、飲料類等高能量零食。零食的消費(fèi)地點(diǎn)以在家的構(gòu)成比最大,在家吃零食的比例2002年為94.4%,2012年則為95.1%;零食的消費(fèi)頻率來(lái)看,達(dá)到每天吃1次零食的人群構(gòu)成比增大,由2002年的40.8%上升到2012年的49.1%。5.消費(fèi)人群的零食消費(fèi)量2012年消費(fèi)人群的總零食攝入量平均值為146.0克/日,低于2002年的165.0克/日(P0.0001)。2002年到2012年,零食消費(fèi)量最高的人群由12～17歲城市女童(241.2克/日)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?～11歲城市男童(242.0克/日)。2002年與2012年消費(fèi)人群的零食消費(fèi)量均為城市高于農(nóng)村,男性高于女性,隨文化程度的升高、收入水平的升高,零食消費(fèi)量均上升。從零食消費(fèi)種類來(lái)看,2002-2012年消費(fèi)人群谷薯雜糧類、速食類、含酒飲料類平均每日消費(fèi)量呈上升趨勢(shì),但豆類及堅(jiān)果、水果類、蔬菜類、奶及制品、糕點(diǎn)甜品類的消費(fèi)量呈下降趨勢(shì)(P0.0001)。2002年攝入量最多的零食依次為奶及制品、水果類、含酒飲料類、飲料類、蔬菜類;2012年依次為含酒飲料類、谷薯雜糧類、奶及制品、水果類、飲料類。2002年到2012年,零食消費(fèi)種類相似,但消費(fèi)次序略有不同。6.消費(fèi)人群的零食供能及營(yíng)養(yǎng)素2012年我國(guó)6歲及以上消費(fèi)人群的零食供能量為125.1Kcal,零食供能比城市高于農(nóng)村(P0.0001),女性高于男性(P0.0001),其中6-11歲城市女童零食供能比最高。與2002年的133.0Kcal相比,零食供能呈上升趨勢(shì)(P0.0001),且高消費(fèi)人群6～11歲城市女童的零食供能比由2002年的9.8%上升到2012年的10.8%。從零食種類來(lái)看,2002年到2012年含酒飲料類供能比上升,谷薯雜糧類、豆類及堅(jiān)果、水果類、蔬菜類、糕點(diǎn)甜品類、速食類的供能比均下降,年間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.01)。2012年消費(fèi)人群零食提供的主要宏量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素為碳水化合物21.0g/天、蛋白質(zhì)2.8g/天、脂肪3.5g/天。零食提供的主要其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)素及占總膳食營(yíng)養(yǎng)素?cái)z入的比例分別為:維生素C(17.8%)、維生素E(17.4%)、胡蘿卜素(15.8%)、膳食纖維(14.5%)、碘(13.2%)、維生素 A(13.1%)、鉀(12.2%)和鈣(10.3%)。7.是否消費(fèi)零食與超重肥胖的關(guān)系探索多水平Logistic回歸模型的結(jié)果表明,在調(diào)整了年份、性別、年齡、城鄉(xiāng)、文化程度、家庭人均年收入、是否鍛煉、是否吸煙、是否飲酒、是否睡眠充足、是否吃早餐、膳食總能量的影響之后,是否消費(fèi)零食與6歲及以上居民超重肥胖可能有一定的相關(guān)性(OR=1.06,P=0.0448)。結(jié)論我國(guó)6歲及以上居民的零食消費(fèi)率從2002年的35.1%上升到2012年的44.8%,其中城市高于農(nóng)村,女性高于男性。消費(fèi)人群的分布有城市化、大齡化的趨勢(shì),且性別間的差異增大;零食消費(fèi)有由晚間轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘滋斓内厔?shì);消費(fèi)地點(diǎn)以在家為主;消費(fèi)頻率以達(dá)到每天吃1次零食的人群構(gòu)成比由2002年的40.8%上升到2012年的49.1%。從2002年到2012年,消費(fèi)人群的零食總攝入量有所下降(P0.0001),其中谷薯雜糧類平均每日消費(fèi)量呈上升趨勢(shì),但豆類及堅(jiān)果、水果類、蔬菜類、奶及制品的消費(fèi)量呈下降趨勢(shì);另外,速食類、含酒飲料類的消費(fèi)量呈上升趨勢(shì),糕點(diǎn)甜品類的消費(fèi)量呈下降趨勢(shì)(P0.0001)。零食消費(fèi)量最高的人群由12～17歲城市女童(241.2克/日)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?-11歲城市男童(242.0克/日)。零食供能量由2002年的133.0Kcal下降到2012年的125.1Kcal,呈下降趨勢(shì);其中,含酒飲料類供能比上升,谷薯雜糧類、豆類及堅(jiān)果、水果類、蔬菜類、糕點(diǎn)甜品類、速食類的供能比均下降,年間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.01)。分析顯示,零食還提供了豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,如維生素C、維生素E、胡蘿卜素、膳食纖維、碘、維生素A、鉀和鈣,補(bǔ)充了人體健康的需要。目前中國(guó)居民的零食攝入量雖然尚處于較低水平,但呈上升趨勢(shì),需要引起足夠的重視。探索性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)居民是否消費(fèi)零食與超重肥胖可能具有一定相關(guān)性(OR=1.06)。
[Abstract]:Objective 1. To analyze the snack consumption status, changes and influencing factors of residents aged 6 years and over in China from 2002 to 2012, so as to provide scientific basis for formulating snack-related policies. 2. To analyze the contribution of snacks to energy and nutrients by using the data from China Food Composition Database (2002, 2004). The relationship between overweight and obesity provides a scientific basis for improving the overweight and obesity status of Chinese residents. Methods 1. The subjects included in the study were all the people aged 6 years and above who participated in dietary survey and medical examination in the "2002 Survey of Nutrition and Health Status of Chinese Residents" and "2012 Surveillance of Nutrition and Health Status of Chinese Residents". Group (except pregnant women). 2. The data of the 3-day 24-hour dietary retrospective survey were merged with the information of food coding and food composition in the "China Food Composition Table" (2002 and 2004 editions) to form a total dietary database. Combined with demographic data and health status data, the nutritional survey in 2002 and nutritional monitoring in 2012 were analyzed. The snack consumption rate, consumption, contribution to energy and major nutrients of Chinese residents were studied by using SAS 9.4 fitting multilevel linear regression model. The influencing factors of snack consumption and the relationship between snack consumption and overweight and obesity were discussed. Results 1. The basic situation of the study population was included in 55079 subjects in 2002, including 17 687 snack consumers. In 2012, 49 465 people were included in the study, including 21 432 snack consumers. The largest number of consumers were urban, female, 50-64 years old, middle education, middle income level. 2. Snack consumption rate in 2002 in China was 6 years old and above. The snack consumption rate of residents was 35.1%, 50.7% in urban areas and 23.6% in rural areas. The consumption rate of urban girls aged 6-11 was 41.8%, 44.8% in 2012, 53.5% in urban areas and 32.6% in rural areas, respectively. The consumption rate of urban girls aged 6-11 was the highest, 67.8% in 2012 compared with 2002. The consumption rate of snacks in 2002 and 2012 increased by 9.7 percentage points. The top five categories of snacks in 2002 were fruit 30.3%, pastry and dessert 4.2%, cereal and potato 3.9%, legumes and nuts 3.6% and dairy products 3.5%. From 2002 to 2012, the consumption rate of cereals, potatoes, cereals, cereals and cereals declined significantly, and the consumption rate of drinks increased. After the dot effect, the main influencing factors of snack consumption in 2002 and 2012 were the same, namely, region, sex, age, education level, income level, whether to exercise, whether to smoke, whether to drink, whether to eat breakfast and total dietary energy. In 2012, urban residents were 3.06 times more likely to consume snacks than rural residents; women were 1.57 times more likely to consume snacks than men; children and adolescents aged 6-11 and adults aged 65 and over were the highest, with the former being 3.08 times more likely to consume snacks than the latter; and the higher the educational level, the higher the income level, the higher the snacks consumption rate; and the higher the snacks consumption rate. In terms of lifestyle, people who take part in exercise, drink, smoke, and do not eat breakfast are more likely to eat snacks; in terms of dietary factors, snack consumption is positively correlated with total dietary energy. 4. Distribution characteristics of consumer groups from the distribution of snack consumers, in 2002 and 2012, the proportion of Chinese consumers aged 6 years and over is greater than that of urban residents. In the countryside, the proportion of residents aged 35-49 is the largest in 2002, and in 2012, the proportion of adults aged 50-64 is the largest. The distribution of consumers tends to be urbanized and aged, and the difference between the sexes increases. From the consumption time of snacks, there is a trend from nightingestion to dayingestion, and the main change is cake. The proportion of snacks consumed at home was 94.4% in 2002 and 95.1% in 2012. The frequency of snacks consumed increased from 40.8% in 2002 to 49.1% in 2012. The average snack intake in 2012 was 146.0 g/day, lower than 165.0 g/day in 2002 (P 0.0001). From 2002 to 2012, the highest snack consumption group changed from urban girls aged 12-17 (241.2 g/day) to urban boys aged 6-11 (242.0 g/day). The snack consumption in 2002 and 2012 was urban. The average daily consumption of cereals, potatoes and cereals, fast food and alcoholic beverages was on the rise from 2002 to 2012, but legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables, dairy and products, pastries and desserts were on the rise. The consumption of snacks in 2002 was milk and products, fruits, alcoholic beverages, beverages and vegetables, and in 2012 was alcoholic beverages, cereals and cereals, dairy and products, fruits and beverages. From 2002 to 2012, the consumption of snacks was similar, but the order of consumption was slightly different.6. The snack energy and nutrients of the population aged 6 years and over in China in 2012 were 125.1 Kcal, the snack energy ratio in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas (P 0.0001), and that in females was higher than that in males (P 0.0001). The energy supply ratio of snacks for urban girls aged 6-11 increased from 9.8% in 2002 to 10.8% in 2012. The energy supply ratio of alcoholic beverages, cereals and potatoes, legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables, pastries and desserts, and fast food decreased from 2002 to 2012. The difference was statistically significant (P 0.01). The major macronutrients provided by snacks were carbohydrate 21.0g/day, protein 2.8g/day, fat 3.5g/day. The major other nutrients provided by snacks and their proportion to total dietary nutrients intake were vitamin C (17.8%), vitamin E (17.4%), carotene (15.8%), dietary fiber (14.5%), iodine (13.2%) and vitamin A (13.2%). 1%, potassium (12.2%) and calcium (10.3%).7. The relationship between snack consumption and overweight and obesity was explored by multilevel logistic regression model. The results showed that the effects of years, gender, age, urban and rural areas, educational level, family income per capita, whether to exercise, whether to smoke, whether to drink alcohol, whether to eat breakfast, total dietary energy were adjusted. Conclusion The snack consumption rate of residents aged 6 and over in China has increased from 35.1% in 2002 to 44.8% in 2012, in which urban areas are higher than rural areas and women are higher than men. The proportion of people who consumed snacks once a day increased from 40.8% in 2002 to 49.1% in 2012. From 2002 to 2012, the total snack intake of consumers decreased (P 0.0001), including cereals, potatoes and cereals. Mean daily consumption showed an upward trend, but consumption of beans and nuts, fruits, vegetables, dairy and products showed a downward trend; in addition, consumption of fast food, alcoholic beverages and pastries and desserts showed a downward trend (P 0.0001). The highest consumption of snacks was from urban girls aged 12 to 17 (241.2 g/day). The energy supply of snacks decreased from 133.0 Kcal in 2002 to 125.1 Kcal in 2012, and the energy supply ratio of alcoholic beverages, cereals and cereals, legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables, pastries and desserts, and instant foods decreased significantly (P 0.01). The analysis shows that snacks also provide abundant nutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene, dietary fiber, iodine, vitamin A, potassium and calcium, which supplement human health needs. There is a certain correlation between whether people consume snacks and overweight or obesity (OR=1.06).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：R151
[Abstract]:Objective 1. To analyze the snack consumption status, changes and influencing factors of residents aged 6 years and over in China from 2002 to 2012, so as to provide scientific basis for formulating snack-related policies. 2. To analyze the contribution of snacks to energy and nutrients by using the data from China Food Composition Database (2002, 2004). The relationship between overweight and obesity provides a scientific basis for improving the overweight and obesity status of Chinese residents. Methods 1. The subjects included in the study were all the people aged 6 years and above who participated in dietary survey and medical examination in the "2002 Survey of Nutrition and Health Status of Chinese Residents" and "2012 Surveillance of Nutrition and Health Status of Chinese Residents". Group (except pregnant women). 2. The data of the 3-day 24-hour dietary retrospective survey were merged with the information of food coding and food composition in the "China Food Composition Table" (2002 and 2004 editions) to form a total dietary database. Combined with demographic data and health status data, the nutritional survey in 2002 and nutritional monitoring in 2012 were analyzed. The snack consumption rate, consumption, contribution to energy and major nutrients of Chinese residents were studied by using SAS 9.4 fitting multilevel linear regression model. The influencing factors of snack consumption and the relationship between snack consumption and overweight and obesity were discussed. Results 1. The basic situation of the study population was included in 55079 subjects in 2002, including 17 687 snack consumers. In 2012, 49 465 people were included in the study, including 21 432 snack consumers. The largest number of consumers were urban, female, 50-64 years old, middle education, middle income level. 2. Snack consumption rate in 2002 in China was 6 years old and above. The snack consumption rate of residents was 35.1%, 50.7% in urban areas and 23.6% in rural areas. The consumption rate of urban girls aged 6-11 was 41.8%, 44.8% in 2012, 53.5% in urban areas and 32.6% in rural areas, respectively. The consumption rate of urban girls aged 6-11 was the highest, 67.8% in 2012 compared with 2002. The consumption rate of snacks in 2002 and 2012 increased by 9.7 percentage points. The top five categories of snacks in 2002 were fruit 30.3%, pastry and dessert 4.2%, cereal and potato 3.9%, legumes and nuts 3.6% and dairy products 3.5%. From 2002 to 2012, the consumption rate of cereals, potatoes, cereals, cereals and cereals declined significantly, and the consumption rate of drinks increased. After the dot effect, the main influencing factors of snack consumption in 2002 and 2012 were the same, namely, region, sex, age, education level, income level, whether to exercise, whether to smoke, whether to drink, whether to eat breakfast and total dietary energy. In 2012, urban residents were 3.06 times more likely to consume snacks than rural residents; women were 1.57 times more likely to consume snacks than men; children and adolescents aged 6-11 and adults aged 65 and over were the highest, with the former being 3.08 times more likely to consume snacks than the latter; and the higher the educational level, the higher the income level, the higher the snacks consumption rate; and the higher the snacks consumption rate. In terms of lifestyle, people who take part in exercise, drink, smoke, and do not eat breakfast are more likely to eat snacks; in terms of dietary factors, snack consumption is positively correlated with total dietary energy. 4. Distribution characteristics of consumer groups from the distribution of snack consumers, in 2002 and 2012, the proportion of Chinese consumers aged 6 years and over is greater than that of urban residents. In the countryside, the proportion of residents aged 35-49 is the largest in 2002, and in 2012, the proportion of adults aged 50-64 is the largest. The distribution of consumers tends to be urbanized and aged, and the difference between the sexes increases. From the consumption time of snacks, there is a trend from nightingestion to dayingestion, and the main change is cake. The proportion of snacks consumed at home was 94.4% in 2002 and 95.1% in 2012. The frequency of snacks consumed increased from 40.8% in 2002 to 49.1% in 2012. The average snack intake in 2012 was 146.0 g/day, lower than 165.0 g/day in 2002 (P 0.0001). From 2002 to 2012, the highest snack consumption group changed from urban girls aged 12-17 (241.2 g/day) to urban boys aged 6-11 (242.0 g/day). The snack consumption in 2002 and 2012 was urban. The average daily consumption of cereals, potatoes and cereals, fast food and alcoholic beverages was on the rise from 2002 to 2012, but legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables, dairy and products, pastries and desserts were on the rise. The consumption of snacks in 2002 was milk and products, fruits, alcoholic beverages, beverages and vegetables, and in 2012 was alcoholic beverages, cereals and cereals, dairy and products, fruits and beverages. From 2002 to 2012, the consumption of snacks was similar, but the order of consumption was slightly different.6. The snack energy and nutrients of the population aged 6 years and over in China in 2012 were 125.1 Kcal, the snack energy ratio in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas (P 0.0001), and that in females was higher than that in males (P 0.0001). The energy supply ratio of snacks for urban girls aged 6-11 increased from 9.8% in 2002 to 10.8% in 2012. The energy supply ratio of alcoholic beverages, cereals and potatoes, legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables, pastries and desserts, and fast food decreased from 2002 to 2012. The difference was statistically significant (P 0.01). The major macronutrients provided by snacks were carbohydrate 21.0g/day, protein 2.8g/day, fat 3.5g/day. The major other nutrients provided by snacks and their proportion to total dietary nutrients intake were vitamin C (17.8%), vitamin E (17.4%), carotene (15.8%), dietary fiber (14.5%), iodine (13.2%) and vitamin A (13.2%). 1%, potassium (12.2%) and calcium (10.3%).7. The relationship between snack consumption and overweight and obesity was explored by multilevel logistic regression model. The results showed that the effects of years, gender, age, urban and rural areas, educational level, family income per capita, whether to exercise, whether to smoke, whether to drink alcohol, whether to eat breakfast, total dietary energy were adjusted. Conclusion The snack consumption rate of residents aged 6 and over in China has increased from 35.1% in 2002 to 44.8% in 2012, in which urban areas are higher than rural areas and women are higher than men. The proportion of people who consumed snacks once a day increased from 40.8% in 2002 to 49.1% in 2012. From 2002 to 2012, the total snack intake of consumers decreased (P 0.0001), including cereals, potatoes and cereals. Mean daily consumption showed an upward trend, but consumption of beans and nuts, fruits, vegetables, dairy and products showed a downward trend; in addition, consumption of fast food, alcoholic beverages and pastries and desserts showed a downward trend (P 0.0001). The highest consumption of snacks was from urban girls aged 12 to 17 (241.2 g/day). The energy supply of snacks decreased from 133.0 Kcal in 2002 to 125.1 Kcal in 2012, and the energy supply ratio of alcoholic beverages, cereals and cereals, legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables, pastries and desserts, and instant foods decreased significantly (P 0.01). The analysis shows that snacks also provide abundant nutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene, dietary fiber, iodine, vitamin A, potassium and calcium, which supplement human health needs. There is a certain correlation between whether people consume snacks and overweight or obesity (OR=1.06).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：R151
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條
1 杜文雯;王惠君;王丹彤;蘇暢;張O ;歐陽(yáng)一非;賈小芳;黃緋緋;張兵;;中國(guó)十二省市兒童青少年三餐及零食消費(fèi)狀況研究[J];衛(wèi)生研究;2016年06期
2 馬超;高仙;王志穎;盧立新;李鑫;趙芳;;北京市西城區(qū)學(xué)生零食攝入狀況及影響因素[J];中國(guó)學(xué)校衛(wèi)生;2016年10期
3 趙麗云;房sリ，
本文編號(hào)：2233412
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/yixuelunwen/yufangyixuelunwen/2233412.html
最近更新
教材專著
