本文選題：農(nóng)村飲用水安全 + 飲用水源　； 參考：《中國政法大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：水是生命之源，是人類賴以生存的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，獲得安全的飲用水是人類最基本的需求。近年來，國家高度重視飲用水安全問題，尤其是農(nóng)村的飲用水安全。但是，目前我國仍有1.7億規(guī)劃內(nèi)的農(nóng)村人口尚未解決飲用水安全問題。農(nóng)村地區(qū)的飲用水安全存在的問題主要有：衛(wèi)生條件差，農(nóng)村地區(qū)普遍缺乏基本的污水排放和垃圾處理系統(tǒng)；飲用水處理設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)陋、集中供水率低；農(nóng)藥化肥不合理使用，農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染嚴(yán)重；農(nóng)村居民飲用高氟水、高砷水、苦咸水等等。況且，很多污染企業(yè)為逃避社會(huì)法律責(zé)任、降低成本，將排污口建在農(nóng)村或是直接在此建廠，而農(nóng)村地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平低，居民的環(huán)保意識(shí)淡薄，且農(nóng)村飲用水水源和地下水保護(hù)力度較弱等。這些問題的存在是社會(huì)不安定的因素之一：一方面，飲用水安全是水安全的一部分，直接威脅到人的生命和健康，事關(guān)社會(huì)的安定和諧；另一方面，農(nóng)村飲用水安全問題不利于保障農(nóng)村居民人權(quán)的落實(shí)，更與社會(huì)公平理念相違背，有礙于社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村的建設(shè)和小康社會(huì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 目前，我國現(xiàn)有的法律法規(guī)、規(guī)范性法律文件對(duì)保護(hù)農(nóng)村飲用水安全起到了一定的積極作用，但是，目前尚沒有專門性的農(nóng)村飲用水安全法律法規(guī)，即使是飲用水安全方面的立法，也存在可操作性和可行性差的問題：對(duì)農(nóng)村飲用水安全保障的專門性規(guī)定欠缺；對(duì)資源性缺水問題的解決存在立法空白；與農(nóng)業(yè)面源與垃圾污染防治相配套法律法規(guī)缺失；農(nóng)村小型集中式取水及分散式取水水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)體系尚未建立；對(duì)飲用水源的保護(hù)，尤其是水源地日常動(dòng)態(tài)管理系統(tǒng)、污染源動(dòng)態(tài)檔案系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)急處理系統(tǒng)缺失。上述相關(guān)法律法規(guī)存在的立法空白，使得農(nóng)村飲用水安全的保護(hù)于法無據(jù)，嚴(yán)重影響了對(duì)農(nóng)村飲用水安全的管保護(hù)，使法律實(shí)施的實(shí)效大打折扣。當(dāng)前，環(huán)保執(zhí)法普遍存在著守法成本高，執(zhí)法成本高，違法成本低的現(xiàn)象，嚴(yán)重削弱了法律的權(quán)威和政府的威信力，尤其是在廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū)，由于對(duì)違法行為的懲處不力，大量的企業(yè)將污染“轉(zhuǎn)嫁”到農(nóng)村，以此來逃避其應(yīng)該承擔(dān)的社會(huì)法律責(zé)任。雖然，司法是保障法律實(shí)施的最后一道屏障，但是我國的司法體制并未體現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)大國的特色，保護(hù)農(nóng)村飲用水安全的司法力量并不均衡，往往都是在發(fā)生大型群體事件之后，才引起相關(guān)部門的關(guān)注。推而廣之，上述因素都不利于自覺守法這一社會(huì)氛圍的形成，加之農(nóng)村居民的主人翁意識(shí)和危機(jī)意識(shí)普遍不高，積極參與保障農(nóng)村飲用水安全的程度較低，而農(nóng)村飲用水安全保護(hù)的監(jiān)管力量還很薄弱，，這些因素的存在都不利于我國農(nóng)村飲用水安全問題的全面解決。 當(dāng)前，我國已經(jīng)建立了飲用水安全保障法律制度的基本框架，但是，從具體法律制度來看，我國農(nóng)村飲用水安全的保障并沒有在真正意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)法定化。我國現(xiàn)行的農(nóng)村飲用水安全保障法制體系還存在著諸多不健全、不完善、不協(xié)調(diào)的問題。由于我國城鄉(xiāng)差別較大，農(nóng)村飲用水安全保護(hù)應(yīng)具有特殊性，從我國農(nóng)業(yè)大國的特點(diǎn)出發(fā)，建立健全適合我國國情的農(nóng)村飲用水安全保障法制體系。從法律運(yùn)行的角度，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村飲用水安全全方位的法律保護(hù)，主要包括：制定與當(dāng)前社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平相適應(yīng)的農(nóng)村飲用水安全法律法規(guī)；加大法律的懲處力度，追究法律責(zé)任更多的應(yīng)該以刑事責(zé)任和刑事制裁為最后的保障，改變環(huán)保執(zhí)法“兩高一低”的不正常現(xiàn)象，為保護(hù)農(nóng)村飲用水安全提供強(qiáng)有力的保證；進(jìn)行司法體制改革和創(chuàng)新，構(gòu)建農(nóng)村環(huán)境公益訴訟制度來彌補(bǔ)司法救濟(jì)的空白，增強(qiáng)公眾參與意識(shí)，提高農(nóng)村居民的主人翁意識(shí)和維權(quán)意識(shí)；進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮法律監(jiān)督尤其是輿論監(jiān)督的作用，不斷完善國家的法律監(jiān)督體系。其中，維護(hù)健康的淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是實(shí)現(xiàn)飲用水安全可持續(xù)的有力保障，而水源地的保護(hù)則是保障農(nóng)村飲用水安全的關(guān)鍵所在。 農(nóng)村飲用水安全問題是一個(gè)十分重要的問題，關(guān)系到農(nóng)村居民的安居樂業(yè)，關(guān)系到社會(huì)的安定和諧、小康社會(huì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，只有全社會(huì)共同努力，從政策、法律等多方面，采取不同措施以保障農(nóng)村飲用水的安全，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)溫家寶總理對(duì)全國人民的莊嚴(yán)承諾：“讓全國人民喝上放心水”。
[Abstract]:Water is the source of life and the material basis of human survival. To obtain safe drinking water is the basic requirement of human beings. In recent years, the country attaches great importance to the safety of drinking water, especially the safety of drinking water in rural areas. However, at present, there are still 170 million rural people in our country that have not solved the problem of drinking water safety. The main problems existing in water safety are: poor sanitary conditions, lack of basic sewage discharge and waste disposal system in rural areas, poor drinking water treatment equipment, low concentration of water supply rate, irrational use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, agricultural non-point source pollution, rural residents drinking high fluoride water, high arsenic water, bitter salt water and so on. In order to avoid the social legal responsibility, reduce the cost, build the sewage outlet in the countryside or directly build the factory, the economic development level of the rural areas is low, the residents' awareness of environmental protection is weak, and the protection of water source and groundwater is weak in rural areas. Water safety is a part of water security, which directly threatens the life and health of people and the stability and harmony of the society. On the other hand, the problem of drinking water safety in rural areas is not conducive to the implementation of the human rights of rural residents, and is contrary to the concept of social equity, which is hinders from the construction of new socialist rural villages and the realization of a well-off society.
At present, the existing laws and regulations in China and the normative legal documents have played a positive role in protecting the safety of rural drinking water. However, there are no special laws and regulations on drinking water safety in rural areas. Even the legislation of drinking water safety, there are also problems of poor operability and feasibility: the safety of rural drinking water. There is a lack of special provisions for the protection of the resources; there is a legislative gap in the solution of the problem of water shortage; the lack of laws and regulations supporting the prevention and control of agricultural non-point sources and waste pollution; the small centralized water intake and decentralized water quality monitoring system in rural areas have not been established; the protection of drinking water sources, especially the daily dynamic management system of water sources, The legislative blank of the pollution source dynamic file system and the emergency treatment system. The legislative blank of the relevant laws and regulations has made the protection of the safety of rural drinking water safe from the law, seriously affecting the protection of the safety of rural drinking water, and discounting the actual effect of the law enforcement. At present, the environmental protection law enforcement has a high cost of law-abiding and law enforcement. The phenomenon of high and low illegal costs has seriously weakened the authority of the law and the prestige of the government, especially in the vast rural areas. Because of the inability to punish the illegal acts, a large number of enterprises have "transferred" the pollution to the rural areas in order to avoid the social legal responsibility they should bear. Although the judiciary is the last one to guarantee the implementation of the law. But the judicial system in our country does not reflect the characteristics of the large agricultural country, and the judicial power to protect the safety of rural drinking water is not balanced. It is often the concern of the relevant departments after the large-scale group events. The above factors are not conducive to the formation of the social atmosphere of the conscious law and the rural residents. The consciousness of owner and crisis consciousness are generally not high, the degree of active participation in ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas is low, and the supervision force of rural drinking water safety protection is still very weak. The existence of these factors is not conducive to the comprehensive solution of the problem of drinking water safety in rural areas of China.
At present, China has established the basic framework of the legal system for the safety and security of drinking water. However, from the specific legal system, the security of rural drinking water security in our country has not been realized in a real sense. There are many unsound, imperfect and uncoordinated questions in the current rural drinking water safety guarantee system in China. Due to the large difference in urban and rural areas in China, the safety and protection of rural drinking water should be special. Starting from the characteristics of our country's agricultural country, we should establish and improve the legal system for the safety and security of rural drinking water suitable for the national conditions of our country. From the angle of law operation, strengthen the comprehensive legal protection of the rural drinking water security, including the formulation and the present. The laws and regulations on the safety of rural drinking water adapt to the level of social and economic development, the punishment of increasing the law and the final guarantee of criminal responsibility and criminal sanction, the abnormal phenomenon of "two highs and one low" in environmental protection law enforcement will be changed, and a strong guarantee for the protection of the safety of drinking water in rural villages is provided. In order to make up the reform and innovation of the judicial system, construct the rural environmental public interest litigation system to make up the blank of the judicial relief, strengthen the public participation consciousness, improve the consciousness and the consciousness of the rights of the rural residents, and improve the legal supervision, especially the supervision of public opinion, and constantly improve the legal supervision system of the state. Freshwater ecosystem is a powerful guarantee for the sustainable and sustainable development of drinking water. The protection of water sources is the key to ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas.
The safety of drinking water in rural areas is a very important issue. It is related to the peace and happiness of the rural residents, the stability and harmony of the society, the realization of a well-off society, and the joint efforts of the whole society. Different measures are taken to ensure the safety of drinking water in rural areas from various aspects, such as policies and laws, in order to realize Prime Minister Wen Jiabao to the people of the whole country. Solemn promise: "let the whole nation drink safe water".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：R123.1

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