本文選題：小學(xué)生　切入點：吸煙　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：[背景] 煙草危害是當(dāng)今世界最嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問題之,中國既是世界上最大的煙草生產(chǎn)和消費國,也是世界上吸煙者人數(shù)最多的國家,同時還是因吸煙導(dǎo)致相關(guān)疾病而死亡人數(shù)最多的國家,每年因吸煙引起的相關(guān)疾病所致死亡人數(shù)超過100萬。由于吸煙導(dǎo)致的疾病和死亡具有明顯的滯后性,因此可以預(yù)期,未來的死亡人口規(guī)模將更為龐大,煙草流行已成為中國人群健康的“第一殺手”。研究證明,大多數(shù)吸煙者始自青少年,開始吸煙的年齡越早,成為常吸者的可能性越大,成年后的吸煙量越大,受煙草的危害也越大,戒煙的可能性越小。若延遲青少年開始吸煙的時間,則可大大降低人群吸煙率及因此導(dǎo)致的各種疾病的罹患率和死亡率。不僅如此,吸煙還是青少年物質(zhì)濫用的“入門物”,與青少年行為問題的產(chǎn)生密切相關(guān),吸煙的青少年常伴有諸如學(xué)業(yè)、品德、心理等一系列的行為問題。因此青少年歷來是控?zé)煿ぷ鞯闹攸c人群,教育青少年遠(yuǎn)離煙草,是關(guān)系到他們身心健康成長、阻斷煙民后繼隊伍、提高中華民族素質(zhì)的百年大計 青少年正處在生長發(fā)育時期,各器官系統(tǒng)都尚未成熟,對外界環(huán)境有害因素的抵抗力較成人弱,對毒物危害敏感,身體的正常生長發(fā)育容易受到損害,因此,被動吸煙對青少年有著更大的危害性。有研究指出被動吸煙會導(dǎo)致兒童認(rèn)知能力缺陷,兒童發(fā)生行為問題的幾率也會大大增力11,16-18歲的孩子如果經(jīng)常被動吸煙,他們的學(xué)習(xí)成績會受到較大程度的影響,無法通過考試的幾率比其他正常孩子高出30%。 2010年GATS顯示,我國現(xiàn)在吸煙者為3.01億,還有約7.4億非吸煙者遭受二手煙危害,其中有1.8億是青少年。43.9%的青少年在家庭遭受二手煙霧的危害,55.8%的青少年在公共場所遭受二手煙霧的危害。88.2%的學(xué)生報告與其關(guān)系密切的人中有吸煙者。2005年調(diào)查顯示,我國青少年13歲前吸完一整支煙的比例較1998年增加了15.0%；2008年山東省的調(diào)查亦顯示,山東省曾經(jīng)吸過煙的青少年在13歲前吸完一整支煙的報告率達(dá)49.8%,52.5%的中學(xué)生報告在過去7天里曾被動吸煙。 小學(xué)時期正是人生觀、價值觀和行為習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成的關(guān)鍵時期,也是進(jìn)行各種健康危險行為干預(yù)的最佳時期,小學(xué)生接受健康知識快,易形成健康行為,干預(yù)的依從性和配合度高,另外小學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)壓力相對較小,系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)的可操作性也更強,最重要的是,從小學(xué)開始進(jìn)行控?zé)煾深A(yù)其健康受益時間也史長。有效的學(xué)�？�?zé)熃】到逃托袨楦深A(yù)不僅對學(xué)生控?zé)熥饔镁薮?而用對整個社會的控?zé)煻季哂猩钸h(yuǎn)意義,正是基于此我們開展了此次研究,通過問卷調(diào)查了解我省小學(xué)生煙草暴露情況及其影響因素、煙草危害知識的掌握情況和知識來源情況,并就被動吸煙對學(xué)習(xí)成績的影響進(jìn)行初步探討,為在小學(xué)更有針對性、更有效地開展控?zé)熃】到逃托袨楦深A(yù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 [研究目的] 掌握我省小學(xué)生吸煙行為和被動吸煙的現(xiàn)狀及其影響因素,初步探討被動吸煙對學(xué)習(xí)成績的影響,了解我省小學(xué)生煙草相關(guān)知識的掌握情況、知識來源及對煙草使用的態(tài)度,為更有效地開展學(xué)�？�?zé)熜毯蛯責(zé)煾深A(yù)進(jìn)行評價提供基線資料和依據(jù)。 [研究方法] 本調(diào)查采用多階段分層整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法,在山東省抽取威海、萊蕪和聊城3個市13所學(xué)校的6050名學(xué)生及其家長作為調(diào)查對象,使用項目組自行設(shè)計的調(diào)查問卷,由經(jīng)過統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的調(diào)查員以班為單位對學(xué)生進(jìn)行集體問卷調(diào)查,家長問卷由學(xué)生帶回,由家長自行填寫后交回學(xué)校,學(xué)生和家長均匿名填寫問卷。對有效問卷使用Epidata3.0建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,使用SPSS16.0對調(diào)查對象的人口學(xué)特征、煙草暴露現(xiàn)狀及其影響因素、煙草危害相關(guān)知識知曉現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。 [主要結(jié)果] 1、山東省小學(xué)生的嘗試吸煙率為6.0%,現(xiàn)在吸煙率為1.2%。初次吸煙的平均年齡為7.8±2.1歲,嘗試吸煙的前三位原因分別為“好奇”、“同伴給煙”和“心情不好/好”,所吸香煙的主要來源為“取自家中”和“自己購買”。學(xué)生吸煙行為的主要危險因素有男生、非獨生子女、學(xué)習(xí)成績較差、煙草危害知識不及格、家人吸煙、同學(xué)吸煙、看到教師吸煙和地區(qū)差異等。 2、山東省小學(xué)生所有場所的被動吸煙率為50.5%,城市高于農(nóng)村,聊城高于萊蕪和威海。小學(xué)生被動吸煙比較嚴(yán)重的場所依次為飯店/餐廳、商場、家里和公共汽車。城鄉(xiāng)和不同地區(qū)間的分布均有差異。 3、山東省小學(xué)生家庭被動吸煙率為49.7%。家庭被動吸煙率農(nóng)村高于城市,獨生子女高于非獨生子女,家庭結(jié)構(gòu)比較以隔代家庭最高,重組家庭和大家庭次之。家庭中的主要吸煙者是父親和祖父/外祖父,43.42%的父親和73.96%的祖父/外祖父的煙齡在10年以上,66.78%的父親和61.56%的祖父/外祖父的日吸煙量為1-10支,且在家中吸煙的位置都是以“到處吸”和“在客廳吸”為主。家庭被動吸煙的主要危險因素是大家庭和隔代家庭、獨生子女、父母的文化程度較低和地區(qū)差異。 4、調(diào)查顯示,有27.4%的小學(xué)生表示曾經(jīng)在學(xué)校見到過教師吸煙,農(nóng)村高于城市,聊城高于萊蕪和威海。 5、山東省小學(xué)生煙草危害知識的知曉率較低,吸煙對呼吸系統(tǒng)危害的知曉率較高,對心血管疾病和癌癥等方面危害的知曉率和被動吸煙危害的知曉率較低。山東省小學(xué)生獲得的煙草危害相關(guān)知識較多的渠道依次為“電視/廣播”、“網(wǎng)絡(luò)”和“報刊雜志”,城鄉(xiāng)小學(xué)生控?zé)熤R來源渠道有差異。僅有44.3%的學(xué)生選擇了從“學(xué)校健康教育課”獲得控?zé)熤R。 6、調(diào)查顯示,被動吸煙是學(xué)生成績的影響因素,有家庭被動吸煙的學(xué)生其學(xué)習(xí)成績較差的報告率高于無家庭被動吸煙的學(xué)生,且每周被動吸煙的天數(shù)越多,學(xué)習(xí)成績優(yōu)秀和中上的越少,成績中下和較差的越多。 [主要結(jié)論] 1、山東省小學(xué)生嘗試吸煙行為有低齡化趨勢,且煙草危害知識的知曉率較低,農(nóng)村和城市小學(xué)生的控?zé)熤R知曉率和來源渠道略有不同,提示我省應(yīng)重視對小學(xué)生的控?zé)熃逃?特別應(yīng)加強“拒吸第一支煙”的技能培訓(xùn),控?zé)熜虘?yīng)根據(jù)城鄉(xiāng)不同特點因材施教。 2、學(xué)生吸煙行為的發(fā)生既有個人因素的影響,亦有家庭因素和周圍環(huán)境因素的原因,提示學(xué)生控?zé)煿ぷ鲬?yīng)以學(xué)校為重點,家庭和社區(qū)相互配合才能達(dá)到更好的效果。在加強學(xué)生控?zé)煿ぷ鞯耐瑫r,也不能忽視社會宣傳和對學(xué)生家長、教師的控?zé)煾深A(yù)和戒煙幫助。 3、我省的公共場所吸煙現(xiàn)象較嚴(yán)重,提示應(yīng)加快推出地方性公共場所控?zé)煼ㄒ?guī),遏制公共上場所的吸煙現(xiàn)象。
[Abstract]:[background]
The dangers of tobacco is one of the most serious public health problems in the world, China is the world's largest tobacco producer and consumer, is the world's largest number of smokers, but also caused by smoking related diseases and the country with the largest number of deaths each year due to smoking related diseases caused more than 1 million deaths due to smoking. The disease and death is obviously lagging behind, so it can be expected that the future will be more large scale deaths, the tobacco epidemic has become Chinese health "the first killer". Studies have shown that most smokers since youth, age to start smoking earlier, is likely to become more often smokers, smoking the adult is greater, the greater the harm by tobacco smoking, the smaller the possibility of delay. If young people start smoking time, can greatly reduce the smoking rate and population The morbidity and mortality caused by various diseases. Moreover, smoking or adolescent substance abuse "entry", and adolescent behavior problems are closely related to smoking, teenagers often accompanied by such as academic, moral, psychological and behavioral problems. Therefore a series of youth has always been the focus in tobacco control work, the education of young people stay away from tobacco, is related to the growth of their physical and mental health, improve long-term smokers blocking the subsequent team, the quality of the Chinese nation
Teenagers are in the growth period, various organ systems are not mature, to environmental harmful factors in the resistance is weak to adult, sensitive to toxic substances, the body's normal growth and development of vulnerable, therefore, passive smoking has a greater harm to teenagers. Studies have shown that passive smoking can lead to children's cognitive ability the probability of defects, children behavior problems will be greatly increased if 11,16-18 years old children often passive smoking, their academic performance will be affected greatly, can not pass the exam than other normal children is higher than 30%.
In 2010 GATS, China's 301 million smokers now, there are about 740 million non-smokers suffer from secondhand smoke, 180 million of whom are teenagers.43.9% in secondhand smoke from young family, 55.8% teenagers in public places suffer students report hazards.88.2% of second-hand smoke close people in a survey of smokers.2005 the youth of our country before the age of 13, smoked a whole cigarette proportion increased by 15% from 1998 to 2008 in Shandong province; survey also shows that Shandong province had smoked a whole cigarette smoked youth report before the age of 13 reached 49.8%, 52.5% of the students reported in the past 7 days have been passive smoking.
Primary school period is the key period of outlook on life, values and behavior habits, the best period is the health risk behavior intervention, students accept the health knowledge quickly, easy to form a healthy behavior, intervention and compliance with high, in addition to primary school learning pressure is relatively small, the system of intervention operability stronger, most importantly, from the primary school start time is the health benefits of smoking cessation intervention. Long history of smoking on school health education and behavior intervention is effective not only for students with great role in tobacco control, tobacco control in the whole society has far-reaching significance, is based on this we carried out this research, through the questionnaire survey to understand the factors and the influence of our province students exposure to tobacco, tobacco harm knowledge and the knowledge source, and the effect of passive smoking on learning achievement of This study provides a scientific basis for more targeted, more effective health education and behavioral intervention for tobacco control in primary schools.
[research purposes]
To master the current situation and influencing factors of smoking and passive smoking behavior among pupils in our province, to investigate the effect of passive smoking on learning achievement, I understand pupils in tobacco related knowledge, sources of knowledge and attitude on tobacco use, to more effectively carry out school education and tobacco control on tobacco control intervention was evaluated to provide baseline data and references.
[research methods]
The survey used a multi-stage stratified random sampling, in Shandong Province, from Weihai, 6050 students and their parents in Laiwu and Liaocheng 3 city 13 schools as the research object, using a questionnaire designed by the project team, by trained investigators to class collective questionnaires for students unit. The parent questionnaire by the students to return to school, by parents to fill in, students and parents are anonymous questionnaire. Use Epidata3.0 to establish a database of effective questionnaires, using SPSS16.0 demographic characteristics of the subjects, the status and influencing factors of tobacco exposure, the harm of tobacco related knowledge status were analyzed.
[main results]
1, primary school students in Shandong province attempt smoking rate was 6%, the average age of the current smoking rate of 1.2%. for the first time smoking was 7.8 + 2.1 years ago, three causes of attempting smoking were "curiosity", "peer to smoke" and "bad / good", the main source of cigarettes for "home" and "purchase". The main risk factors of smoking behavior of students are boys, non child, poor academic performance, the harm of tobacco knowledge fail, family smoking, smoking students, teachers to see the difference between smoking and other areas.
2, the passive smoking rate of pupils in all places in Shandong is 50.5%, the city is higher than that of the countryside, and Liaocheng is higher than that of Laiwu and Weihai.
3, Shandong Province, the primary home passive smoking rate 49.7%. passive smoking rate in rural areas than in the city, the only child is higher than non only child, family structure compared to inter generational family is highest, the reorganization of the family and family time. Main smokers in the family is father and grandfather / grandfather, father and grandfather of 43.42% / 73.96% my grandfather smoked in more than 10 years, 66.78% of the 61.56% father and grandfather / smoking grandfather for 1-10, and smoking in the home position is a "full absorption" and "in the living room ceiling". The main risk factors of the risk of passive smoking in family is big and inter generational family that only children, parents with lower levels of cultural differences and regions.
4, the survey showed that 27.4% of the primary school students said they had seen teachers smoking in school, the countryside was higher than the city, and Liaocheng was higher than Laiwu and Weihai.
5, primary school students in Shandong Province tobacco harm knowledge awareness rate is low, the harm of smoking on the respiratory system of the high awareness, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer hazard awareness and awareness of the hazards of passive smoking rate is relatively low. Primary school students in Shandong province from the dangers of tobacco related knowledge more channels are "TV / radio", "network" and "newspapers and magazines", urban and rural primary school's knowledge sources are different. Only 44.3% of the students chose to get knowledge of tobacco control from the "school health education curriculum".
6, survey shows that passive smoking is the factors affecting student achievement, a family of passive smoking students with poor grades reported higher than households without passive smoking students, and the more the number of days per week of passive smoking, excellent grades and in less, and more poor grades.
[main conclusions]
1, primary school students in Shandong province have tried smoking behavior trend of younger age, and tobacco harm knowledge awareness rate is low, and the awareness of rural pupils in city's knowledge rate and the source channel is slightly different, suggesting that our province should pay attention to school education of primary school students, especially should strengthen the "to first cigarette" skills training, tobacco control according to the different characteristics of urban and rural education should be individualized.
2, smoking behavior of students have not only personal factors, there is a reason for family factors and environment factors, suggesting that tobacco control work should be based on the focus on school, family and community to cooperate with each other in order to achieve better results. To strengthen students' tobacco control work at the same time, also can not ignore the social propaganda and parents of students. Teachers and help to quit smoking cessation intervention.
3, smoking in public places in our province is serious. It is suggested that the smoking regulation of local public places should be accelerated and smoking in public places should be stopped.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：R179

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