本文選題：農(nóng)村　切入點：飲用水安全　出處：《昆明醫(yī)科大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：[目的] 通過比較改水前后飲用水水質(zhì),評價農(nóng)村改水工程的效果；了解農(nóng)村用水戶協(xié)會情況、農(nóng)村基本環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況,為新農(nóng)村建設和農(nóng)村飲用水工程提供依據(jù)。 [方法] 參照GB5749-表4《農(nóng)村小型集中式供水和分散式供水部分水質(zhì)指標及限值》選取微生物指標、毒理指標、感官性狀和一般化學指標四類共14項指標；參照GB/T5750-2006《生活飲用水標準檢驗方法》的相關要求采集飲用水水樣和檢測各項指標；單一指標之間的比較用數(shù)理統(tǒng)計法,水質(zhì)綜合比較采用主成分分析法、內(nèi)梅羅指數(shù)法和飲用水水質(zhì)指數(shù)進行；通過觀察、訪談等方法了解農(nóng)村用水戶協(xié)會狀況和農(nóng)村基本衛(wèi)生狀況。 [結果] 12010年兩村改水后,仍然存在錳、氟化物、菌落總數(shù)和渾濁度指標超情況。其中氟化物和渾濁度超標率為33.33%(4/12),菌落總數(shù)全部超過《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標準》(GB5749-2006)規(guī)定的限值,超標率達100%(12/12) 22010年改水后,兩個村子飲用水中pH值、氯化物、耗氧量、總硬度、硫酸鹽、溶解性總固體、氟化物等指標與《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標準》(GB5749-2006)相比具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P0.01),改水后指標均低于國標限值。 3采用主成分分析法、內(nèi)梅羅指數(shù)法和飲用水水質(zhì)指數(shù)法對飲用水水質(zhì)進行綜合評價,三種評價結果均顯示改水后的飲用水水質(zhì)優(yōu)于改水前。主成分分析法計算水質(zhì)綜合得分顯示帕郎村改水后的水質(zhì)優(yōu)于河西村,化學性因素是影響飲用水水質(zhì)的主要因素；內(nèi)梅羅指數(shù)法顯示帕郎村改水后水質(zhì)全部處于“較差”級別(100%),菌落總數(shù)對兩村水質(zhì)評價結果影響較大；飲用水水質(zhì)指數(shù)法評分,水質(zhì)由差到好,分別為：河西村改水前(7.33)、帕郎村改水前(7.32)、帕郎村改水后(3.80)、河西村改水后(2.45) 4訪談結果顯示,元謀縣農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況不佳,缺乏必要的垃圾、污水處理措施,村民對營造良好環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況持積極態(tài)度。 [結論] 1飲用水評價過程不僅需要重視單個指標的評價,還要關注指標之間的聯(lián)系,對水質(zhì)進行綜合全面的評價。在評價過程中應選擇實用而符合實際需要的評價方法。 2農(nóng)村改水工程將分散式供水方式改為集中式供水,水質(zhì)優(yōu)于分散式供水,便于管理和監(jiān)督。 3用水戶協(xié)會在維護農(nóng)村飲用水工程中發(fā)揮了一定作用,是建立農(nóng)村安全飲用水機制的重要力量。 4元謀縣農(nóng)村垃圾、污水處理仍然較為困難,環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況依然不容樂觀。 5在對元謀縣農(nóng)村部分村民進行飲用水和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生健康培訓并評估后發(fā)現(xiàn),村民對飲用水和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生意識有所提高,健康教育的方法在改變農(nóng)村村民健康意識和改變農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況方面能夠發(fā)揮一定作用。
[Abstract]:[purpose]. By comparing the drinking water quality before and after the improvement, the effect of the rural water improvement project is evaluated, and the situation of the rural water-user association and the rural basic environmental hygiene are understood, which provides the basis for the construction of the new countryside and the rural drinking water project. [methods]. According to GB5749- Table 4, 14 indexes of microorganism index, toxicology index, sensory character and general chemical index were selected. According to the relevant requirements of GB/T5750-2006, the drinking water samples were collected and the indexes were tested. The comparison between the single indexes was done by mathematical statistics, and the water quality was compared by principal component analysis, the main component analysis method was used in the comprehensive comparison of water quality. Nemero index method and drinking water quality index were used to understand the status of rural water users' association and rural basic sanitation through observation and interview. [results]. 1After the improvement of water in the two villages in 2010, there still exists the excess of manganese, fluoride, colony count and turbidity index, in which the excess rate of fluoride and turbidity is 33.33 / 12 / 12, and the total number of bacteria is above the limit set by GB5749-2006), and the rate of exceeding the standard is 100 / 12 / 12). 2After the change of water in 2010, pH value, chloride, oxygen consumption, total hardness, sulfate, soluble solids in drinking water of the two villages, Compared with GB5749-2006, fluoride and other indexes had statistical significance (P 0.01), and the indexes were lower than the national standard. (3) Comprehensive evaluation of drinking water quality was carried out by principal component analysis, Nemero index and drinking water quality index. The results of three kinds of evaluation showed that the drinking water quality after the modification was better than that before, and the comprehensive score calculated by principal component analysis showed that the water quality of Pallang village was better than that of Hexi village, and the chemical factors were the main factors affecting the drinking water quality. The Nemero index method showed that the water quality of Palang village was in "poor" grade 100%, the total number of bacteria had a great influence on the water quality evaluation results of the two villages, and the drinking water quality index method scored the water quality from poor to good. They are: Hexi village before water conversion, Paran village before water change, Pallan village after water change, Hexi village after water change, and Hexi village after water reform.). 4 the results of interview showed that the rural environmental sanitation in Yuanmou County was poor, the necessary garbage and sewage treatment measures were lacking, and the villagers had a positive attitude towards creating a good environmental sanitation. [conclusion]. (1) the evaluation process of drinking water should not only pay attention to the evaluation of single index, but also pay attention to the relationship between the indexes, and carry on comprehensive and comprehensive evaluation of water quality. In the process of evaluation, a practical and practical evaluation method should be selected. (2) the decentralized water supply mode is changed to centralized water supply mode in rural water improvement project, and the water quality is superior to that of decentralized water supply, which is convenient for management and supervision. The water-user association has played a certain role in maintaining rural drinking water project and is an important force in establishing rural safe drinking water mechanism. 4 Yuanmou County rural garbage, sewage treatment is still relatively difficult, environmental hygiene is still not optimistic. 5After the villagers in Yuanmou County were trained in drinking water and environmental sanitation, it was found that the villagers' awareness of drinking water and environmental sanitation was improved. The method of health education can play a certain role in changing rural villagers' health consciousness and changing rural environmental hygiene.
【學位授予單位】：昆明醫(yī)科大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：R123.1

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