本文選題：流動人口　切入點(diǎn)：女工　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：背景 目前我國東西部經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展嚴(yán)重不平衡的現(xiàn)狀,造成了大規(guī)模人口流動。2010年全國第六次人口普查結(jié)果顯示：我國跨城市流動人口約有2.21億,同第五次全國人口普查相比,流動人口增長81.03%。在目前公布流動人口信息的省份中,廣東省和浙江省是跨省流動人口規(guī)模最大的兩個省份。其中浙江省外省流入人口總數(shù)達(dá)到118萬,占常住人口比例的21.7%,廣東省外省流入人口總數(shù)達(dá)到313萬,占常住人口比例的30%。 外來人口中的女性以外來女工為主,有研究顯示,勞動密集型的工作崗位約有70%由外來女工承擔(dān)。處于育齡期的女工一方面要參加工業(yè)生產(chǎn),另一方面要經(jīng)歷懷孕、分娩、產(chǎn)褥及哺乳等特殊生理過程,健康保障的缺失無疑會給她們的生殖健康造成危害。另外,國內(nèi)外多項(xiàng)研究顯示,外來育齡女工的流動性大、文化水平低、自我保健意識與能力差,這些都使得她們成為生殖健康服務(wù)對象中的弱勢人群。 中國衛(wèi)生部與聯(lián)合國兒童基金會于2011-2013年在浙江省平湖市、廣東省佛山市南海區(qū)開展了流動人口婦幼保健服務(wù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。本研究即為該項(xiàng)目基線調(diào)查的一個部分,通過了解兩地外來女工的生殖健康現(xiàn)況,以期為更好地為保護(hù)這一人群的生殖健康提供依據(jù)。 研究目的 本研究旨在通過對浙江平湖市和廣東佛山的南海區(qū)兩項(xiàng)目區(qū)的工廠外來已婚育齡女工的現(xiàn)況調(diào)查,以及對相關(guān)人員的定性訪談,描述兩項(xiàng)目區(qū)女工的生殖健康現(xiàn)況,評價項(xiàng)目區(qū)現(xiàn)有政策和服務(wù)對目標(biāo)人群生殖健康狀況的影響,并探討在該人群中促進(jìn)生殖健康的對策和方法。 研究方法 1.定量調(diào)查：調(diào)查工廠的選擇是基于：(1)有符合研究需要的目標(biāo)人群；(2)廠方愿意配合調(diào)查；(3)能合作開展后續(xù)的干預(yù)措施。最終在平湖市選定了3家制衣廠,在南海市選定了1家電子廠、1家內(nèi)衣廠。研究對象納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為：(1)已婚女工；(2)年齡20-49歲；(3)夫妻雙方的戶籍均不在項(xiàng)目區(qū)。所選工廠內(nèi)符合條件的女工全部納入研究。最終在平湖回收有效問卷598份,在南�；厥�534份。 2.定性調(diào)查：采用文獻(xiàn)回顧和定性訪談相結(jié)合的方式。采用目的抽樣的方法,分別選擇以下幾類對象展開訪談：(1)當(dāng)?shù)叵嚓P(guān)政府部門管理者(每地3-4人),如衛(wèi)生局、流管辦、工會、或婦聯(lián)工作人員；(2)工廠管理者(每廠1人)；(3)女工小組(每廠1組),挑選在外來女工中的已婚未育者、或5歲以下孩子母親,每組5-7人。兩地共訪談了38人。 研究結(jié)果 1.女工生殖健康現(xiàn)況的定量研究結(jié)果 (1)女工及家庭的一般情況：兩地女工及其丈夫的學(xué)歷都以初中為主；平湖女工收入的中位數(shù)為15000元,南海女工收入的中位數(shù)為10000元；兩地女工的戶口均以農(nóng)業(yè)戶口為主；有孩子的女工在兩地均占到95%以上。 (2)女工的生殖健康相關(guān)知識情況：知識部分包括了生育保險知識、孕產(chǎn)期保健知識、嬰幼兒喂養(yǎng)知識。兩地女工生殖健康相關(guān)知識知曉率分別為：37.2%(平湖)和48.0%(南海)。平湖女工知識總得分的中位數(shù)為5分,南海女工的中位數(shù)為6分。多元線性回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,與女工知識得分可能相關(guān)的因素有：流入地、流入時間、婚齡、是否有孩子、文化水平、家庭人均年收入等。 (3)女工的生殖健康問題及相關(guān)服務(wù)利用情況：兩地女工月經(jīng)紊亂癥狀的發(fā)生較為普遍(平湖43.0%,南海50.9%),部分女工存在痛經(jīng)癥狀(平湖25.9%,南海34.3%)。部分女工自報存在生殖道可疑感染癥狀(平湖29.6%,南海39.9%),癥狀主要是陰道有異常排出物、下腹疼痛等。約1/4的女工1年內(nèi)被檢查出患有婦科病(平湖20.5%,南海26.2%),1年內(nèi)女工參加過婦女病普查的比例分別是67.9%(平湖)和56.7%(南海),形式主要是工廠組織。： (4)影響生殖健康問題發(fā)生情況的相關(guān)因素分析：多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,對于女工的生殖道可疑感染的自報情況,可能的相關(guān)因素有：年齡、流入地、知識總得分。對于女工近一年內(nèi)婦科病檢出情況,可能的相關(guān)因素有：家庭人均年收入、最近一年內(nèi)是否參加過婦女病普查。 2.女工、工廠、項(xiàng)目區(qū)三方的定性研究結(jié)果 目前已有一系列關(guān)于保護(hù)女工生殖健康的政策法規(guī),但由于強(qiáng)制性普遍不強(qiáng),或與企業(yè)的利益沖突,以致部分法規(guī)條目不能得到完全的施行。 從項(xiàng)目區(qū)層面來看,在提供生殖保健服務(wù)方面,兩地的共性問題是；政府相關(guān)投入不足、政府與工廠的配合有待完善。平湖的婦女病普查服務(wù)開展情況較好,但存在生育保險的作用被限制、健康宣教服務(wù)未形成體系的問題；南海的生育保險利用情況較好、健康宣教服務(wù)的開展規(guī)律,但存在婦女病普查服務(wù)不規(guī)范、服務(wù)人員短缺的問題。 從工廠層面來看,與企業(yè)利益有沖突、管理者對女工生殖健康缺乏重視、工作時間不規(guī)律,是影響生殖健康服務(wù)提供,以及女工生殖健康狀況的幾個原因。 從女工層面來看,流動性大、健康意識差、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不佳、對生育政策知曉度較低等因素影響了女工對生殖保健服務(wù)的利用。 結(jié)論與建議 本次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),兩項(xiàng)目區(qū)的外來已婚育齡女工,生殖健康相關(guān)知識水平不高,且相當(dāng)一部分女工存在生殖健康隱患。在維護(hù)外來女工生殖健康的問題上,政府、工廠、女工三方承擔(dān)著各自應(yīng)有的責(zé)任。 針對現(xiàn)實(shí)存在的問題,本文提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議：打破以戶籍制度為核心的二元社會結(jié)構(gòu),縮小城鄉(xiāng)差別：強(qiáng)化政府責(zé)任,保證資金和人員到位；通過有效措施強(qiáng)化部門合作；簡化社保手續(xù),更好的發(fā)揮生育保險的作用；完善現(xiàn)有的女工生殖健康保護(hù)政策,加大其推廣執(zhí)行力度；按照分類指導(dǎo)的原則,加強(qiáng)外來女工保健服務(wù)的宣傳,提高她們利用服務(wù)的主動性。
[Abstract]:background
The present situation of economic development in China. The serious imbalance, caused a mass migration.2010 years of the sixth national census shows: Cross City China's floating population of about 221 million, compared with the fifth national census, the floating population growth in the 81.03%. announced the floating population information in the provinces, Guangdong province and Zhejiang Province inter provincial movement of two provinces is the largest population in Zhejiang province. The provinces into the total population reached 1 million 180 thousand, accounting for 21.7% of the proportion of the resident population in Guangdong Province, other provinces into the total population reached 3 million 130 thousand, accounting for the proportion of the resident population of 30%.
The foreign population in women with migrant workers, studies have shown that the labor intensive work undertaken by about 70% migrant workers in the child-bearing age women. On the one hand to participate in industrial production, on the other hand to go through pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding and postpartum special physiological process, lack of health insurance will undoubtedly cause harm to their reproductive health. In addition, a number of domestic and foreign research shows that the liquidity of foreign childbearing women, low cultural level, self health care consciousness and ability is poor, which makes them become the disadvantaged groups of reproductive health services in the object.
Chinese the Ministry of health and the United Nations Children's Fund in 2011-2013 years in Zhejiang Province, Pinghu City, Nanhai District of Guangdong city in Foshan province to carry out the floating population maternal and child health services pilot project. This research is a part of the project through the baseline survey, to understand the current status of reproductive health of two female migrant workers, in order to better protect this population provides the basis for reproductive health.
research objective
This study aims to survey on two projects in Pinghu city and Guangdong District of Zhejiang Foshan Nanhai District factory foreign married workers, and qualitative interviews with relevant personnel, described the status of reproductive health of two female workers of the project area, the project area impact assessment of existing policies and services on the health status of the target population reproduction, and to promote countermeasures and methods of reproductive health in this population.
research method
1. quantitative survey: a survey of plant selection is based on: (1) in need of research in line with the target population; (2) the manufacturer is willing to cooperate with the investigation; (3) to follow-up intervention measures of cooperation. The final selection of the 3 garment factory in Pinghu City, in the South China Sea city selected 1 home electronics factory, 1 the object of study into the underwear factory. Standards are as follows: (1) married women; (2) 20-49 years of age; (3) the couple's household was not selected in the project area. The factory meets the conditions of all the women included in the study. The final in Pinghu, 598 valid questionnaires, 534 were recovered in the South China Sea.
2. qualitative investigation: a literature review and qualitative interview method. By purposive sampling, were selected following object interview: (1) local government managers (3-4 each), such as the Health Bureau, the office of the flow tube, union, or women's work; (2 factory managers (per plant) 1); (3) female group (each group 1 Factory), married without a child in the selection of female migrant workers, or children under 5 years old mother, each group of 5-7 people. The two were interviewed 38 people.
Research results
Quantitative research results of 1. female workers' reproductive health
(1) the general situation of women and family: two women and their husbands are in junior high school; the median income of workers in Pinghu for 15000 yuan, the median income of the South China Sea workers is 10000 yuan; the two women's accounts were to agriculture accounts; working mothers are accounted for in two to more than 95%.
(2) the situation of reproductive health knowledge workers: knowledge includes the knowledge of birth insurance, maternal health care knowledge, infant feeding knowledge. Two women were aware of reproductive health related knowledge: 37.2% (Pinghu) and 48% (South China Sea). The median total score of the knowledge workers in Pinghu was 5 and the median of female workers in South China Sea 6. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that female knowledge scores may be related to factors: inflow, inflow time, age of marriage, whether to have children, educational level, family income per capita.
(3) the utilization of reproductive health of female workers and related services: two menstrual disorders are common (43% in Pinghu, 50.9% South China Sea), some women are the symptoms of dysmenorrhea (25.9% in Pinghu, 34.3% South China Sea). Some women self-reported reproductive tract infection symptoms are suspected (29.6% in Pinghu, South China Sea, 39.9%) symptoms is the main abnormal vaginal discharge, abdominal pain. About 1/4 of women within 1 years was diagnosed with gynecological diseases (20.5% in Pinghu, 26.2% South China Sea), 1 years women participated in the survey of women's disease rates were 67.9% (Pinghu) and 56.7% (South China Sea), is the main form of plant tissue:
(4) analysis of factors related to the occurrence of reproductive health problems: multi factor analysis showed that the self-reported reproductive tract infection in women suspected of possible related factors include: age, knowledge inflow, the total score for women. In recent years the detection of gynecological diseases, the related risk factors are: the average annual family income, recent years have participated in the survey of women's diseases.
2. qualitative research results of three parties in women workers, factories and project areas
At present, there are a series of policies and regulations concerning reproductive health protection for women workers. However, due to the general lack of compulsion or conflict with the interests of enterprises, some regulations and items cannot be fully implemented.
From the perspective of the project area, in the provision of reproductive health services, the two are common problems; government investment, government and the factory needs to be improved. The survey of women's diseases service in Pinghu carry out better, but the existence of maternity insurance's role is limited, the health education service has not formed the system; the situation in the South China Sea family the use of insurance good health education service rules, but there are women's disease screening services are not standardized, the service personnel shortage.
From the factory level, there are conflicts with the interests of the enterprises. Managers do not pay much attention to the reproductive health of women workers. The irregular working hours are the reasons that affect reproductive health services and the reproductive health of women workers.
From the perspective of women workers, mobility, health awareness and family economic conditions are not good, and the low awareness of childbearing policy affects the utilization of reproductive health services by female workers.
Conclusions and suggestions
The survey found that the reproductive health related knowledge level of migrant women aged two in the project area is not high, and a considerable part of the female workers have reproductive health risks. In maintaining the reproductive health of migrant women workers, the government, factories, and women workers have three responsibilities.
According to the existing problems, this paper puts forward following suggestions: to break the two yuan of social structure to the household registration system as the core, narrowing the gap between urban and rural: strengthening the government responsibility, guarantee funds and personnel in place; departments to strengthen cooperation through effective measures; simplified social security procedures, better play the role of maternity insurance; improve the female reproductive health protection policy the increase in the promotion of execution; in accordance with the principles of guidance, strengthening the migrant workers health care propaganda, to improve the initiative of their use of services.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：R173

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