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醫(yī)學(xué)營養(yǎng)治療及低聚果糖干預(yù)對糖尿病患者血糖控制影響的研究

發(fā)布時間:2018-03-23 21:51

  本文選題:醫(yī)學(xué)營養(yǎng)治療 切入點:糖尿病 出處:《第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文


【摘要】:糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)是一種由多種病因引起的以慢性高血糖為主要特征的代謝性疾病。在世界范圍內(nèi),DM的發(fā)病率逐年上升。由于近年來我國飲食習(xí)慣逐步由以谷物、蔬菜為主的“傳統(tǒng)膳食模式”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐匀忸悺⒂椭瑸橹鞯摹拔鞣缴攀衬J健,DM患病人數(shù)增長迅速,DM已經(jīng)成為我國嚴(yán)重的公共健康問題。研究表明,膳食營養(yǎng)的不均衡是導(dǎo)致DM發(fā)病的重要原因,DM的醫(yī)學(xué)營養(yǎng)治療(medical nutritiontherapy,MNT)成為治療和控制疾病的有效手段。國外關(guān)于MNT在防治DM及其并發(fā)癥方面進(jìn)行了大量的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)MNT能顯著改善患者的血糖血脂水平。在此基礎(chǔ)上,美國糖尿病協(xié)會(American Diabetes Association,ADA)就DM的MNT做出了具體的規(guī)范,規(guī)定DM患者應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格控制每日能量和營養(yǎng)素的攝入比例,增加膳食纖維(dietary fiber,DF)的攝入。由于我國居民膳食習(xí)慣、食物資源、飲食文化等與國外有較大差異,而DM患者普遍存在膳食纖維攝入量較低、能量攝入過量和膳食結(jié)構(gòu)不合理的現(xiàn)象。因此,對我國DM患者開展MNT,通過幫助DM患者合理控制飲食來促進(jìn)健康,具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。 目的: 本課題研究旨在建立個體化的MNT方案和確定最佳的MNT監(jiān)管方法;在MNT實施的基礎(chǔ)上補(bǔ)充非膳食來源的DF,評估MNT和低聚果糖補(bǔ)充對糖尿病血糖控制的影響。 主要研究內(nèi)容與研究方法: 1、第一部分MNT方法研究及其對妊娠期糖尿病的干預(yù)效果評價:從西南醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科門診就診的孕婦中篩選90名妊娠期糖尿。℅estational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者,由經(jīng)過專門培訓(xùn)、熟悉營養(yǎng)學(xué)知識的營養(yǎng)師制定適合孕期的MNT方案并全程參與監(jiān)管,方案制定采用孕期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重法來確定每日能量參考攝入量,用食物交換份法制定每日食譜,增加富含膳食纖維的粗糧和蔬菜的攝入,保證碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪分別占總能量的50-60%、15-20%和25-30%。將90名GDM孕婦采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為一次性宣教組和持續(xù)干預(yù)組,每組各45名。一次性宣教組營養(yǎng)治療的監(jiān)管方法僅采用1次面對面的營養(yǎng)宣教;持續(xù)干預(yù)組則進(jìn)行持續(xù)性的治療,即在干預(yù)期內(nèi)保持密切聯(lián)系,加強(qiáng)對營養(yǎng)治療的監(jiān)控,包括面對面、電話和定期營養(yǎng)門診隨訪教育,并根據(jù)孕周、孕期體重增長以及血糖水平動態(tài)調(diào)整飲食方案。觀察一個月后各組空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖的控制效果。 2、第二部分MNT結(jié)合低聚果糖干預(yù)對2型糖尿病血糖控制的影響:從新橋醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科就診患者中篩選117名2型糖尿病(type2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者作為研究對象,將受試者按照用藥情況分層后隨機(jī)分為三組:低劑量組和高劑量組各40名,對照組37名。首先調(diào)查分析T2DM患者經(jīng)臨床一次性營養(yǎng)宣教后飲食控制以及DF的攝入的實際情況。然后進(jìn)行一個月的干預(yù)研究,,MNT方案的制定采用T2DM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重法和食物交換份法,保證碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪分別占總能量的55-65%、15%和20-25%。對照組僅采用持續(xù)性干預(yù)的MNT,低劑量組和高劑量組在持續(xù)性MNT的基礎(chǔ)上分別補(bǔ)充10g或20g低聚果糖(Fructooligosaccharides,Fos),分別檢測治療前和治療后1月各組血糖、血脂、體重等指標(biāo)的變化,比較MNT和不同劑量的Fos對T2DM患者血糖控制的影響。 結(jié)果: 1.第一部分 1.1MNT治療能夠限制GDM患者的能量攝入,持續(xù)性干預(yù)的MNT方法與一次性宣教的MNT方法相比,DF攝入量明顯增加(P<0.05),脂肪和碳水化合物攝入量明顯下降(P<0.05)。 1.2MNT可以顯著減低患者血糖水平。治療后兩組FPG和2h-PG水平均較治療前顯著下降(P<0.05);持續(xù)干預(yù)組的餐后血糖的控制更為有效,治療后2h-PG水平明顯低于一次性宣教組(P<0.05)。 1.3持續(xù)性干預(yù)組血糖控制合格率顯著高于一次性宣教組(P<0.05);尿酮體陽性率組間無顯著差異; 2.第二部分 2.1T2DM患者經(jīng)一次性營養(yǎng)宣教,膳食實際控制情況不理想,每日攝入能量的平均值為2309kcal,脂肪供能比的均值為36.35%,均高于推薦攝入量;每日攝入膳食纖維的平均值為15.91g,低于T2DM患者每日推薦攝入量25-35g/d。需限制T2DM患者能量和脂肪的攝入,增加膳食纖維的補(bǔ)充。 2.2持續(xù)性干預(yù)MNT治療有利于改善T2DM的胰島功能。各組空腹胰島素、餐后2h胰島素和胰島素抵抗指數(shù)均較治療前顯著下降(p<0.05)。 2.3補(bǔ)充攝入Fos可以顯著降低T2DM患者血糖水平。FPG、2h-PG、糖化白蛋白水平低劑量組顯著低于對照組(p<0.05);高劑量組顯著低于對照組和低劑量組(p<0.05)。高劑量組胰島素抵抗指數(shù)顯著低于對照組(p<0.05)。 2.4補(bǔ)充攝入Fos可以顯著降低TG水平(p<0.05);每日補(bǔ)充Fos20g可以使血清LDL-C水平顯著下降,使HDL-C水平顯著上升(p<0.05)。 結(jié)論: 對DM患者開展MNT,可以改善糖脂代謝,糾正高糖狀態(tài),有利于病情控制。加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管的持續(xù)性MNT干預(yù)模式更能有效控制患者血糖。DM患者在實施常規(guī)MNT治療時結(jié)合補(bǔ)充Fos能有效改善機(jī)體糖脂代謝、降低血糖,增強(qiáng)胰島素敏感性。
[Abstract]:Diabetes (diabetes mellitus, DM) is caused by a variety of causes of chronic hyperglycemia is the main characteristic of metabolic diseases. In the world, the incidence of DM increased year by year. Due to the dietary habits of China gradually from the grain, vegetables, "traditional dietary pattern" into the meat. Oil based "western dietary pattern", the number of DM patients increased rapidly, DM has become a serious public health problem in China. The study shows that dietary imbalance is an important reason leading to the onset of DM, medical nutrition therapy DM (medical nutritiontherapy MNT) is an effective means of treatment and control of the disease. Abroad done a lot of research on the prevention and treatment of complications of DM and MNT, found that MNT can significantly improve the patient's blood sugar level. On this basis, the American Diabetes Association (American Diabetes Association, ADA DM) MNT made specific norms, regulations DM patients should strictly control the daily energy and nutrient intake and increase the proportion of dietary fiber (dietary, fiber, DF) intake. Because our dietary habits, food resources, dietary culture has great difference with foreign countries, while DM is prevalent in patients with dietary fiber lower intake, excess energy intake and dietary structure unreasonable phenomenon. Therefore, to our country DM with MNT, with the help of DM patients with a reasonable diet to promote health, has important practical significance.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to establish an individualized MNT program and identify the best MNT monitoring methods. Based on the implementation of MNT, we add DF from non dietary sources to evaluate the effect of MNT and fructo oligosaccharide supplementation on glycemic control in diabetics.
The main research contents and research methods are:
1, the first part of the MNT evaluation method research and effect of intervention on gestational diabetes screening: 90 gestational diabetes mellitus from Southwest Hospital outpatient obstetrics in pregnant women (Gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) patients by specially trained, familiar with the nutritional knowledge of nutritionists set MNT solution for pregnancy and full participation in supervision, the plan pregnancy weight standard method to determine the daily energy reference intake, make daily diets with food exchange method, increase the intake of dietary fiber rich whole grains and vegetables, ensure the carbohydrate, protein and fat respectively of the total energy of 50-60%, 15-20% and 25-30%. 90 GDM pregnant women were randomly divided into disposable education group and for the intervention group, with 45 patients in each group. The supervision method of one-time education group nutrition therapy using only 1 face-to-face nutrition education; continuous intervention 緇勫垯榪涜鎸佺畫鎬х殑娌葷枟,鍗沖湪騫查鏈熷唴淇濇寔瀵嗗垏鑱旂郴,鍔犲己瀵硅惀鍏繪不鐤楃殑鐩戞帶,鍖呮嫭闈㈠闈

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