本文選題：農(nóng)村　切入點：水廠　出處：《中國疾病預(yù)防控制中心》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：目的：掌握北京市順義區(qū)農(nóng)村供水設(shè)施和水質(zhì)狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在的水質(zhì)問題,評價水質(zhì)的健康風(fēng)險,為保障飲水衛(wèi)生安全提供依據(jù)。方法：采用普查的方法,通過對村干部和水廠負(fù)責(zé)人的問卷調(diào)查和訪談,調(diào)查順義區(qū)農(nóng)村19個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、365個行政村的355處供水工程的基本情況；按照北京市2014年和2015年《農(nóng)村飲用水衛(wèi)生檢測項目北京市實施方案》的要求,在順義區(qū)19個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)中抽取39個村,共計檢測312份水樣,分析農(nóng)村水質(zhì)衛(wèi)生狀況。采用國際癌癥研究機構(gòu)(IARC)提供的水質(zhì)健康風(fēng)險評價模型,分析順義區(qū)2015年農(nóng)村飲水對人體產(chǎn)生的健康危害效應(yīng),進(jìn)行人群健康風(fēng)險評價。結(jié)果：順義區(qū)農(nóng)村日供水量在1000噸以上的水廠有90處,占全區(qū)水廠數(shù)的25.35%,供水人口占全區(qū)農(nóng)村人口的44.81%。農(nóng)村水廠水源類型均為地下水,56.06%的水廠30米范圍內(nèi)有污染源；269處水廠有消毒設(shè)備,占總數(shù)的75.77%。截止到2013年調(diào)查時,有337處水廠完成管網(wǎng)更新,占調(diào)查水廠總數(shù)的94.93%。按生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價,該區(qū)農(nóng)村飲用水的總體合格率為68.27%,其中一般化學(xué)指標(biāo)、微生物學(xué)指標(biāo)合格率較高在95%以上,合格率比較低的主要是感官性狀指標(biāo)(色度：90.38%)和部分毒理指標(biāo)(砷：84.94%)�？菟诘暮细衤噬愿哂谪S水期,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(X2=0.370,P=0.543)。出廠水水質(zhì)合格率低于末梢水合格率,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(X2=0.356,P=0.551)。不同供水規(guī)模的水質(zhì)合格率比較無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(X2=0.266，P=0.966)。管網(wǎng)更新的水廠末梢水水質(zhì)合格率(72.18%)遠(yuǎn)高于管網(wǎng)未更新的水廠(33.33%),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(X2=7.761,P=0.005)。有衛(wèi)生許可證的水廠出廠水水質(zhì)合格率(76.92%)高于沒有衛(wèi)生許可證的水廠(62.04%),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(X2=2.829,P=0.093)。水質(zhì)健康風(fēng)險評價表明,順義區(qū)各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)飲水鎘和鉻(六價)的個人年風(fēng)險均在5×10-5 a-1量級以下,有4個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)飲水砷的個人年風(fēng)險在5×10-5 a-1量級以上。各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)軀體毒物質(zhì)的風(fēng)險度遠(yuǎn)低于5×10-5 a-1,相對較高的氟化物的風(fēng)險度在10-9 a-1量級上。結(jié)論：順義區(qū)農(nóng)村水廠以單村供水為主,日供水量以小型供水工程居多,一半以上的水廠30米范圍內(nèi)有污染源。影響順義區(qū)農(nóng)村飲水合格率的主要指標(biāo)為感官性狀指標(biāo)和毒理指標(biāo)。農(nóng)村水廠供水管網(wǎng)更新、衛(wèi)生許可有助于提高農(nóng)村飲用水水質(zhì)合格率。健康風(fēng)險評價顯示部分鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)飲水砷存在健康風(fēng)險。
[Abstract]:Objective: to understand the water supply facilities and water quality in Shunyi District of Beijing, find out the existing water quality problems, evaluate the health risk of water quality, and provide the basis for ensuring drinking water sanitation and safety. The basic situation of 355 water supply projects in 365 administrative villages and 19 villages in Shunyi District was investigated by questionnaire survey and interview with village cadres and water plant leaders. In accordance with the requirements of the Beijing implementation Plan of the Rural drinking Water Sanitation Inspection Project in Beijing on 2014 and 2015, 39 villages were selected from 19 townships in Shunyi District and a total of 312 water samples were tested. Based on the model of water quality and health risk assessment provided by International Cancer Research Institute (IARC), the health hazard effect of rural drinking water on human body in Shunyi District in 2015 was analyzed. Results: there are 90 water plants with daily water supply of more than 1000 tons in Shunyi District. The water supply population accounts for 44.81% of the rural population in the whole region. The water source type of the rural water works is 56.06% of the groundwater. There are 269 water plants with disinfection equipment within 30 meters of the pollution sources, accounting for 75.7777% of the total. As of 2013, According to the hygienic standard of drinking water, the overall qualified rate of drinking water in this area is 68.27, among which the general chemical index and microbiological index are higher than 95%. The qualification rate was mainly lower in sensory traits (chroma: 90.38) and partial toxicology (arsenic: 84.94). The qualified rate in dry season was slightly higher than that in high water period, and there was no statistical difference between them. The qualified rate of water quality in the outlet water was lower than that in the terminal water. There was no significant difference in water quality qualification rate between different water supply scales. There was no statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of water quality in different water supply scale. The qualified rate of water quality in the terminal water plant with updated pipe network was much higher than that in the water plant without renewal of the pipeline network, and the difference was statistically significant, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the difference was statistically significant (X _ 2N _ (7.761) P ~ (0.005)). The qualified rate of water quality of the licensed water plant is 76.92) higher than that of the water plant without a sanitation permit (62.0442%), and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). The water quality health risk assessment shows that. The annual risks of cadmium and chromium (hexavalent) in drinking water in Shunyi District are below 5 脳 10 ~ (-5) a ~ (-1). The annual risk of arsenic in drinking water in 4 towns was above 5 脳 10 ~ (-5) a ~ (-1). The risk degree of body poison in each town was far lower than 5 脳 10 ~ (-5) a ~ (-1), and the relatively high risk degree of fluoride was in the order of 10 ~ (-9) a ~ (-1). Conclusion: Shunyi rural water plant is dominated by single village water supply. More than half of the water supply plants have pollution sources within 30 meters. The main indexes affecting the qualified rate of rural drinking water in Shunyi District are sensory property index and toxicology index. The health risk assessment showed that arsenic in drinking water in some villages and towns had health risk.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國疾病預(yù)防控制中心
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：R123.9

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