經(jīng)硬腦膜對(duì)視皮層電刺激的數(shù)字仿真
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-12-11 05:22
【摘要】: 失明不僅會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)諸多不便與痛苦,也給社會(huì)造成了巨大的損失;目前全世界約有4500萬(wàn)盲人,中國(guó)就占500萬(wàn),且以每年45萬(wàn)的速率遞增。視覺(jué)通路中任何一段的損傷均會(huì)導(dǎo)致失明,通過(guò)電刺激可使該處神經(jīng)產(chǎn)生興奮,并最終得到某種視覺(jué)信息,即人工視覺(jué)修復(fù)。根據(jù)刺激位置的不同,可分為視網(wǎng)膜修復(fù)、視神經(jīng)修復(fù)和視皮層修復(fù),其中視皮層修復(fù)具有恢復(fù)最大數(shù)量失明患者視力的潛力。為克服傳統(tǒng)視皮層視覺(jué)修復(fù)對(duì)大腦帶來(lái)的損傷,在國(guó)家“863”計(jì)劃(No.2007AA04Z324)資助下,本課題率先進(jìn)行經(jīng)硬腦膜對(duì)視皮層電刺激以進(jìn)行視覺(jué)修復(fù)的可行性探討。 作為此課題的基礎(chǔ)研究?jī)?nèi)容,本文首先從理論上分析了神經(jīng)組織在外加電刺激下的電場(chǎng)分布規(guī)律,以及神經(jīng)元在此電場(chǎng)中的響應(yīng)機(jī)制;接下來(lái)建立了貓初級(jí)視皮層區(qū)域的有限元仿真模型,借助COMSOL Multiphysics軟件分析了單電極和多電極刺激下皮層內(nèi)電場(chǎng)的空間分布,并采用傅立葉-有限元法(Fourier-FEM)分析了一個(gè)周期內(nèi)組織中電場(chǎng)的變化規(guī)律;隨后將激活函數(shù)(電位對(duì)空間坐標(biāo)的二階偏導(dǎo)數(shù))作為神經(jīng)元電活動(dòng)的衡量指標(biāo),通過(guò)指定臨界閾值得到電極的組織活化區(qū),即其作用范圍,并探討了刺激參數(shù)變化對(duì)刺激效果的影響;緊接著建立了貓視皮層第III層內(nèi)錐體細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元模型,在NEURON軟件中通過(guò)研究神經(jīng)元膜電位的變化來(lái)判斷外加電刺激能否誘發(fā)不同位置的神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)生興奮,從而確定電極的作用范圍及有效刺激參數(shù);最后搭建了動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái),采用表面陣列進(jìn)行刺激,并用鎢絲微電極記錄皮層內(nèi)各點(diǎn)的電位及神經(jīng)元電活動(dòng)。 電場(chǎng)仿真結(jié)果顯示在硬腦膜上施加電刺激后,腦脊液由于具有遠(yuǎn)大于其它組織的電導(dǎo)率,將對(duì)皮層內(nèi)電場(chǎng)分布產(chǎn)生巨大影響;除誘使電流發(fā)生橫向擴(kuò)散導(dǎo)致單個(gè)電極作用增大外,還會(huì)使電場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生衰減;電流從刺激電極傳導(dǎo)至皮層后,電位約下降34倍,電流密度將下降約118倍,同時(shí)約有50%的電流進(jìn)入皮層,表明經(jīng)硬腦膜對(duì)視皮層進(jìn)行電刺激是可行的,只是需要更大的刺激強(qiáng)度。采用電極陣列進(jìn)行多電極刺激時(shí),若電極間距小于1 mm,相鄰電極在皮層內(nèi)將會(huì)發(fā)生混疊,從而降低了視覺(jué)分辨力,說(shuō)明與直接皮層刺激假體相比,硬腦膜上視覺(jué)假體的分辨率受到一定限制;此外,仿真發(fā)現(xiàn)低頻刺激下組織的介電性質(zhì)對(duì)其電場(chǎng)變化具有重要的影響,不能簡(jiǎn)單加以忽略。 在得到組織內(nèi)的電場(chǎng)分布后,本文首先通過(guò)指定激活函數(shù)得到單個(gè)電極的作用范圍,并改變單相方波脈沖的幅值、脈寬和頻率,發(fā)現(xiàn)任一參數(shù)增大后,電極的作用區(qū)域均增大,且該區(qū)域?qū)Ψ底兓拿舾行砸獜?qiáng)于對(duì)脈寬和頻率變化的敏感性。接下來(lái)通過(guò)研究與皮層表面等距的神經(jīng)元的電活動(dòng),確定了單個(gè)電極的刺激距離,該距離與幅值、頻率、脈寬均相關(guān),且同樣隨它們的增大而增大,對(duì)幅值敏感性仍然大于對(duì)頻率和脈寬的敏感性。在初期動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,主要進(jìn)行了皮層內(nèi)電場(chǎng)和神經(jīng)元電活動(dòng)的記錄,所得結(jié)果與部分仿真結(jié)果相似。 本文主要從理論上探討了經(jīng)硬腦膜的視覺(jué)修復(fù)機(jī)制,所得結(jié)論對(duì)視覺(jué)假體研究具有一定指導(dǎo)意義,并為后續(xù)研究奠定了相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Blindness will not only cause the patient to be more inconvenienced and painful, but also cause great losses to the society; there are about 45 million blind people around the world, with China accounting for 5 million, and increasing at a rate of 450,000 a year. The damage to any segment of the visual pathway leads to blindness, and the nerve is excited by electrical stimulation, and some visual information, i.e., artificial visual repair, is finally obtained. Depending on the location of the stimulation, it can be divided into retinal repair, optic nerve repair, and visual cortex repair, where the visual cortex repair has the potential to restore the vision of the largest number of blind patients. In order to overcome the damage of the traditional visual cortex to the brain, under the support of the national 鈥,
本文編號(hào):2371955
[Abstract]:Blindness will not only cause the patient to be more inconvenienced and painful, but also cause great losses to the society; there are about 45 million blind people around the world, with China accounting for 5 million, and increasing at a rate of 450,000 a year. The damage to any segment of the visual pathway leads to blindness, and the nerve is excited by electrical stimulation, and some visual information, i.e., artificial visual repair, is finally obtained. Depending on the location of the stimulation, it can be divided into retinal repair, optic nerve repair, and visual cortex repair, where the visual cortex repair has the potential to restore the vision of the largest number of blind patients. In order to overcome the damage of the traditional visual cortex to the brain, under the support of the national 鈥,
本文編號(hào):2371955
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